Employment and discrimination law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Work and separation law - Essay Example In addition, for circuitous separation asserts in both sex and race segregation, there are four conditions which must be fulfilled: Be that as it may, so as to depend on the DDA arrangements for bringing a separation guarantee, Anthony would need to exhibit a â€Å"disability† for the motivations behind the DDA. Segment 1 of the DDA characterizes this as â€Å"a physical or mental disability which has a considerable and long haul unfavorable impact on his capacity to complete ordinary everyday activities.† The instance of Goodwin v The Patent Office6 gave definite direction area 1 of the DDA. The primary thought is whether â€Å"the application has a hindrance which is either mental or physical7†. Anthony has been determined to have malignancy, which will comprise physical disability with the end goal of the DDA definition. As needs be, Anthony’s condition will come surprisingly close to an incapacity under the DDA and the following thought is whether the impedance will influenced his capacity to complete ordinary everyday exercises. The instance of Greenwood v British Airways9 verified this essentially included a genuine investigation10†. As to the current situation, Anthony’s work as expert is affected as he will require seven days off each month for treatment. Else, he can at present embrace his obligations. In any case, on grounds of the disability to his capacity to complete the activity all day, combined with the poor monetary atmosphere, he is being made excess. The following issue is whether the unfriendly impact is substantial11. The Goodwin case featured that the meaning of generous methods â€Å"more than minor or trivial12† and is basically an issue of reality for each situation. Applicable contemplations incorporate to what extent it takes to finish assignments and the way in which undertakings are undertaken.13 as to Anthony, he seems to have a senior position it is obvious that her work has altogether endured, which further

Voyages of Self-discovery free essay sample

My life has been to some degree like a mosaic. As a kid, I have been brought up in a pleased Taiwan culture (glad both as far as its Chinese language legacy and convention). However I have a family who extraordinarily values free idea and hence presented me to a heap of situations and differing societies. I spent most of my rudimentary in Canada where my fantasies and desires came to fruition. The free and unspoiled air there (both in school and in social circumstances) cultivated my hazard taking and curious soul. Much after I had returned to Taiwan, the picture of Canada was planted in my psyche. In spite of the fact that I love my nation of origin, growing up there was not what I truly needed. At school, understudies were simply expected to â€Å"follow the directions.† That was not me. I needed to question, to address, and to be wary even towards power. Interest is in my temperament. We will compose a custom article test on Journeys of Self-disclosure or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I was unable to support myself. It was then I chose to going to the States with expectations of better seeking after my fantasies and making sense of my life. Here, I have taken advantage of each chance to expand my perspectives and work to serve the bigger network. I traveled to the Amazing Meeting at Las Vegas, a show of a portion of the world’s best science communicators, and bantered about the significance of science education in today’s society. I went to the stone shorelines of Vancouver and worked close by twelve whale specialists, helping me perceive the delicacy and uncertainty of life on Earth. I went to Secular Humanism social occasions and furnished myself with the weapons of reason against the strange and the irrationalâ€ultimately, to defend opportunity of request and examination from religion and odd notion. During these encounters, I had a plenty of chances to investigate my internal identity. I found characteristics that are agreeable with those that I worth and spot in high regard : energy about excellence, genuine request, and love for reality. In secondary school, my exploratory excursion proceeded. Conveying a profound will to address, I set out on a philosophical investigation very not at all like those during my youth times. What am I doing here? What am I here for? What is the significance and motivation behind presence? This time, my vehicle was my brain, and my journey was one of self-disclosure. My adoration for thinking about bold inquiries in the long run (or maybe definitely) drove my twisting way to entryways of science. Recently blinded by the technicalities of day by day life, science opened my eyes and my faculties to the bigger all inclusive reality outside of my own little shell. The logical viewpoint of the universe broke my self-imagined vanity in day by day life. It disclosed a world a long ways past my most stunning adolescence imaginationsâ€the incomprehensibility of galactic space, the massiveness of topographical time, and the exquisite multifaceted nature and extravagance of life on Earth. Consid er it! Our minds might be the main items in the whole universe fit for examining its own reality! From my desolate point in universe, an unexpected consciousness of the huge incomprehensibility of the universe occurred to me. It was then T.S. Eliots words drifted another significant individual importance, We will not stop investigation, and the finish of all our investigating will be to show up where we began, and know the spot for the first time.† Once in a while in my restless evenings, at whatever point existential questions take steps to return and frequent me, I would lie on the grass on my patio and quietly gaze skywards. I would sit on the edge of the lake as the Milky Way continuously comes into see, stretching out over the sky and gradually guaranteeing the night. The reasonable waters reflect both the sparkling brightness and the massiveness of the sky. Vastness above. Forever beneath. While contemplating the most profound inquiries of human presence, I would lie there, captivated by Andromeda, Gemini, Orion, and sorrowful with the unheard ensemble of the infinite concordance. I would liberate my brain and look over the centuries to see mankind living in space, having constructed a sublime human advancement among the stars. Envision! They will have seen developments, thoughts, and universes undreamt of in our current day. Despite the fact that I may not live to observe that great second, I breathe easy in light of the way that I can possibly involve a little however significant job in this immortal quest for information and wisdomâ€the remarkably human undertaking we call science. Throughout the years, I have come to understand that science is itself a journey of self-discoveryâ€although my deep rooted look for who I am and how I fit into the world has reached a conclusion, I have quite recently started the interminable experience of discovering what it genuinely intends to be human. In understanding our general surroundings, we are thus scanning for our place known to man. I am a pioneer still. On occasion, Carl Sagans undying words ring in my psyche, The logical venture traverses the ages; we recall the individuals who arranged the way, seeing for them too. Along these lines in my time and my age, I convey an exceptional duty to advance our comprehension of the universe and ourselves. What's m ore, in doing as such, I will contribute my part and advance another progression on humanitys stepping stool trying to achieve the impossible.

Guidelines for Starting a Genealogy Business

Rules for Starting a Genealogy Business I regularly get messages from genealogists who find that they love family ancestry so much that theyd like to transform it into a vocation. Be that as it may, how? Will you truly procure a living doing what you love? The appropriate response is, certain! In the event that you have solid genealogical research and hierarchical aptitudes and a sharp sense for business, you can gain cash working in the family ancestry field. Likewise with any undertaking, nonetheless, you should prepare.â Do You Have What it Takes? Maybe youve inquired about your own family tree for a couple of years, taken a couple of classes, and possibly have even done some exploration for companions. Be that as it may, does this mean youre prepared to procure cash as a genealogist? That depends. The initial step is to assess your capabilities and abilities. How long have you been genuinely engaged with parentage examine? How solid are your approach abilities? Is it accurate to say that you know about appropriately refering to sources, making edited compositions and extricates, and the genealogical confirmation standard? Do you have a place with and take an interest in genealogical social orders? Is it accurate to say that you are ready to compose an unmistakable and brief research report? Assess your expert readiness by checking out your qualities and weaknesses.â Bone Up On Your Skills Follow up your assessment of your qualities and shortcomings with instruction as classes, gatherings and expert perusing to fill in any openings in your insight or experience. Id recommend putting Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers and Librarians (altered by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2001) at the highest point of your understanding rundown! I likewise suggest joining the Association of Professional Genealogists as well as other expert associations with the goal that you can profit by the experience and knowledge of other ancestry experts. They likewise offer a two-day Professional Management Conference (PMC) every year related to the Federation of Genealogical Societies gathering which covers subjects explicitly outfitted to genealogists working in their profession.â Think about Your Goal Getting by as a genealogist can mean a variety of things to many individuals. Other than the standard genealogical research directed for people, you can likewise represent considerable authority in finding missing individuals for the military or different associations, functioning as a probate or beneficiary searcher, offering nearby photography, composing articles or books for the mainstream press, leading family ancestry meetings, structuring and running Web locales for genealogical social orders and associations, or composing or collecting family ancestries. Utilize your experience and interests to help pick a specialty for your genealogical business. You can pick mutiple, yet it is likewise acceptable not to spread yourself too thin.â Make a Business Plan Numerous genealogists consider their work a pastime and dont feel that it warrants anything as genuine or formal as a field-tested strategy. Or on the other hand that it is just significant if youre applying for an award or a credit. In any case, if youre intending to get by from your parentage abilities, you have to start by paying attention to them. A decent statement of purpose and field-tested strategy summarizes the way we intend to follow, and encourages us to concisely disclose our administrations to imminent customers. A decent field-tested strategy incorporates the accompanying: an official outline diagramming the business name and area, your name and experience, and the crucial rundown of items and administrations offered by your businessa portrayal and investigation of the family history industry, including the neighborhood rivalry and its experience, administrations, estimating structure, and their period of time in business.a promoting methodology including anything which makes our administration exceptional, (for example, area close to a significant genealogical vault or any strange experience) and a depiction of the valuing for our administrations. More: Business Plan Basicsâ Set Realistic Fees One of the most widely recognized inquiries posed by genealogists simply beginning in business for themselves is the amount to charge. As you would expect, there is no obvious answer. Essentially, your hourly rate should consider your degree of experience; the benefit you want to acknowledge from your business as it identifies with the measure of time you can dedicate to your business every week; the neighborhood market and rivalry; and the beginning up and working costs you intend to cause. Dont undercut yourself by undermining what your time and experience is worth, yet in addition dont charge more than the market will bear.â Stock Up on Supplies The decent thing about an ancestry based business is you normally wont have a ton of overhead. You doubtlessly as of now have a significant number of the things you will require in the event that you love parentage enough to need to seek after it as a vocation. A PC and Internet get to is useful, alongside memberships to significant family history Web locales particularly those that spread your essential zones of intrigue. A decent vehicle or other transportation to get you to the town hall, FHC, library, and different vaults. A recording cabinet or bureau to house your customer documents. Office supplies for association, correspondence, etc.â Market Your Business I could compose a whole book (or possibly a part) on promoting your ancestry business. Rather, Ill simply direct you toward the part on Marketing Strategies by Elizabeth Kelley Kerstens, CG in Professional Genealogy. In it she covers all parts of advertising, including investigating the opposition, making business cards and flyers, setting up a Web website for your ancestry business, and other promoting techniques. I have two hints for you: 1) Check the participation program of APG and nearby social orders to discover different genealogists who are working in your geographic area or subject matter. 2) Contact libraries, chronicles and genealogical social orders in your general vicinity and request to be added to their rundown of genealogical researchers.â Next Certification, Client Reports, Other Skills Beginning a Genealogy Business, page 1 Get Certified While it isnt important to work in the family history field, confirmation in lineage gives approval of your exploration abilities and guarantees a customer that you are creating quality research and composing and that your qualifications are upheld by an expert body. In the U.S., two significant gatherings offer proficient testing and credentialing for genealogists - the Board for Certification of Genealogists (BCG) and the International Commission for the Accreditation of Professional Genealogists (ICAPGen). Comparative associations exist in other countries.â Further Requirements There are an assortment of different aptitudes and prerequisites that go into working a family history business that arent canvassed in this starting article. As a self employed entity or sole owner, youll need to acquaint yourself with the budgetary and legitimate implications of working your own business. You will likewise need to figure out how to build up an agreement, compose a decent customer report and monitor your time and costs. Proposals for additional examination and instruction on these and different points incorporate associating with other expert genealogists, going to the APG PMC gathering talked about beforehand, or trying out a ProGen Study Group, which utilizes an inventive technique for community learning concentrated on creating genealogical research abilities and strategic policies. You dont need to do it at the same time, yet you will likewise need to be sufficiently arranged before you begin. Polished methodology is basic in the field of ancestry and once youve harmed your expert believability through poor work or complication, its difficult to fix. Kimberly Powell, About.coms Genealogy master since 2000, is an expert genealogist, past leader of the Association of Professional Genealogists, andâ author of The Everything Guide to Online Genealogy, third Edition. Snap here for more data on Kimberly Powell.

Tom's of Maine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tom's of Maine - Research Paper Example Tom’s dispersion technique is selling its items through wellbeing food stores and mass market outlets. Company’s items incorporate toothpastes, mouthwash, antiperspirant, dental floss, cleanser, cleanser, shaving cream, and a line of natural wellbeing helps and concentrates. (Reference for Business). From an unassuming start of obtained capital of $5,000, organization has become a top indented organization procuring a huge number of dollars every year. In 2006, the 84% controlling stake of the organization was offered to Colgate-Palmolive on conditions that it will hold the way of life of Tom’s Brand. Reason for the deal is to move in the assembling of another business from honey bees. In a general degree, clients search for help administrations extending from right utilization of item and making the item practical. In particular, in view of research and writings assessed, individuals need items that find real success and items that don't hurt the planet (Dougherty and Murthy 2009). Same creators said individuals need data; Buyers are intrigued on substance and marking; Buyers are intrigued on nature of the item instead of speed of conveyance and need steadfastness programs. Strangely, these aftereffects of review could be identified with what bolster administrations purchasers from Toms, Inc need. Specifically, purchasers of Toms, Inc items need: protected and compelling items. For example, individuals were frightened on the item wellbeing outrage of Tom’s toothpaste uncovered by Guciardi, 2011, in a post in the Natural Health Society. Ensuing remarks from clients of this item demonstrated faithfulness to the brand, didn't accept the claims, and even inquired about to discover reality. Disposing of squanders is a developing issue in any network. To help in condition assurance, organization propelled Tom’s of Maine Recycle Program wherein void plastic jugs of cleanser of any brand, and other plastic items including

Using Augmentation Therapy to Treat OCD

Using Augmentation Therapy to Treat OCD OCD Treatment Print Using Augmentation Therapy to Treat OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Updated on September 19, 2019 Jose A. Bernat Bacete / Getty Images More in OCD Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Augmentation therapy is a strategy that is being explored as a way to improve the odds of relieving OCD symptoms when treating patients with OCD medication. Augmentation therapy involves using combinations of drug, rather than a single OCD medication, for maximum effect. Augmentation strategies could be especially effective for people who do not respond to standard OCD medication. Why Augmentation Therapy Is Used If you have OCD, you may know that a variety of treatments are available. However, you may also know that not all people respond to these treatments. Although the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Luvox (fluvoxamine), Prozac (fluoxetine), Paxil (paroxetine) and Zoloft (sertraline), and tricyclic antidepressants, such as Anafranil (clomipramine) have been a huge step forward in the treatment of OCD, 40 percent to 60 percent of people will not respond adequately to these drugs. As in other areas of medicine, psychiatrists are now exploring whether treatment of OCD with a combination of medications, rather than a single medication, offers more relief for more people. Using Antipsychotic Medications to Augment Current Treatments Although antidepressants are the standard medical treatment for OCD, it has been suggested that adding antipsychotic drugs to a treatment plan could be helpful in improving OCD symptoms. Why is this? First, antipsychotic medications such as Risperdal (risperidone), Zyprexa (olanzapine) or Seroquel (quetiapine) affect levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Problems with the dopamine system have been implicated in OCD. In addition, some people with OCD have difficulty believing that their obsessions and/or compulsions are illogical or unreasonable. A failure to recognize that obsessions and/or compulsions do not make sense has been shown to be a barrier to benefiting from standard treatments. It has been suggested that antipsychotic medications may be effective in helping change this pattern of thinking. Does Augmentation Therapy Work? In general, the available scientific evidence strongly supports the use of antipsychotic medications as useful augmentation drugs for adults whose OCD symptoms have not responded to standard treatments. However, you must keep in mind that there are two categories of antipsychotic medications, each with their own potential side effects. The first generation or typical antipsychotics tend to have side effects related to abnormal movements such as tardive dyskinesia, which involves the involuntary and uncontrollable movement of different parts of the body including the mouth and face. Tardive dyskinesia can sometimes be permanent if not addressed promptly. The second-generation or atypical antipsychotics usually have less risk of tardive dyskinesia, but can cause metabolic problems such as weight gain and elevated blood sugars and cholesterol. Given this, the potential benefits of using an antipsychotic medication as an augmentation strategy for reducing OCD symptoms should outweigh the risks. The relatively less severe side effects of the second generation or atypical antipsychotics often make them the first choice as augmentation agents. As with any medical treatment, the decision to add an antipsychotic medication to your current treatment plan is a choice that should be made in strong collaboration with your family doctor or psychiatrist. OCD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Be sure to communicate any changes you experience when trying a new medication or when switching medications, too. Keeping this open line of discussion between you and your doctor will ensure that he/she is keeping your individualized needs in mind when progressing in your treatment plan. OCD and Your Relationships

Safety and community care - Free Essay Example

Handout 1: For Community Volunteers and Participants Food borne illness often referred as food poisoning or foodborne diseases are a common, life threatening and costly phenomenon but very preventable health hazards. Community safety against these diseases is vital to growing a healthy society (Cockerham, 2014).  The presence of harmful and poisonous chemicals can bring food poisoning if present in the food. Contamination of food by the various disease causing germs has been the primary cause of foodborne infections. This paper purposes to provide facts and related information about the conditions and how the risk of disease can be reduced. In the United States of America, salmonella is the single bacteria responsible for over one million cases of illnesses reported annually. According to a Centre for Disease Control (CDC) report, one million annual illnesses are reported with 19000 hospitalizations and an annual death estimate of 380 (Mowry et al., 2016). Salmonella is of different types, and in particular, Salmonella Typhimurium causes typhoid. Typhoid is a blood infection that occurs when a person ingests food or drinks water contaminated with the Salmonella bacterium Typhimurium. It is transmitted through contact with an individual with the faeces of an infected person.It is thus mostly human to a human type of transmission. The bacterium spends an average of two weeks in the human intestines before finding its way into the bloodstream through perforation of the intestinal walls. The symptoms of typhoid set in between the first week and one month after exposure to the bacterium. The rash is one of the symptoms although it doesnt manifest itself in all patients (Nathan, 2012). The neck and the abdomen get rose colored spots. The other major symptom is the fever which is and could reach 104 degrees Fahrenheit in a matter of several days. Body weakness, headaches and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea are also symptoms of typhoid. Some patients recover without treatment, but if the illness is left untreated, the walls of the intestines can become perforated and cause other abdominal complications. Besides, diarrhea if unattended to could be fatal due to dehydration. The disease can be treated mainly by use of antibiotics. Antibiotics prescribed by a medical practitioner should be adhered to. Another way for self-treatment is through rehydration of the body to replenish the water lost through sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea by drinking enough clean water. Citizens of America traveling to Africa, South America, and Asia are encouraged to practice preventive measures to avoid contracting the disease. Such countries have few washing facilities and less access to clean water and are vulnerable to typhoid breakouts. Members of the society are advised to Ensure that they drink carbonated bottled water Raw fruits and vegetables should be avoided and personally peel your fruit. Boil water if bottled water is not available Total avoidance of eating at unhygienic street eateries. Vaccination against typhoid through the oral live attenuated vaccine or shot inactivated vaccine. Research plays a pivotal role in any science related solution. Researchers are spending sleepless nights to counter the antibiotic resistance nature and improve the performance of available drugs (Laxminarayan et al., 2013). This is aimed at providing a solution to those suffering from the illness. A 35% resistance rate has been established for salmonella Typhimurium to key medications such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin. Handout 2: For Community Health Care Providers Illnesses associated with ingestion of foods contaminated with disease causing microbes and pathogens are referred to as foodborne infections. Food poisoning which is caused by consumption of food containing harmful chemicals is also categorized as a foodborne illness. (Potter Hotchkiss, 2012).   These diseases pose a threat to the innocent and ignorant members of the society. It is the responsibility of health care providers and medical-practitioners to create awareness and keep the citizenry safe from these preventable diseases. The disease is sometimes fatal and costly in the cases of hospitalizations and purchasing of drugs supplies by patients. This paper seeks to bring out the clear information of how the risks caused by these diseases can be reduced. Several foodborne germs affect the populace of America at different extents. These include botulism, Listeria, Vibrio, Escherichia coli and Salmonella (Nyenje Ndip, 2013). The paper focuses on Salmonella which in its various strains cause annual illnesses of up to 1 million and 19000 cases of hospitalized patient and annual death of 380. Salmonella typhimurium is one of the serotypes of salmonella.it is often called Salmonella typhi. It is the causative bacterium for typhoid which is a blood infection. Typhoid is a disease that has been discovered to kill 25 percent of patients if left untreated. Significantly if treatment is administered on time, the death rate reduces to below 4%. When S.typhi reaches the blood, it is transported to the organs and tissues of the body and can live with the host cells and thus minimal effect from the immune system. The symptoms of typhoid include high fever reaching a high of 104 Fahrenheit, rash on the abdominal and neck regions having rose-colored spots and vomiting. Constipation. Headaches and diarrhea are also symptomatic to typhoid (Feasey Gordon, 2013). Paratyphoid caused by another strain of salmonella called Salmonella enterica has similar symptoms, and patients suffer similar severity. Diagnosis involves the analysis of samples of blood, urine, bone marrow or stool to detect the presence of Salmonella typhimurium. The most and perhaps only treatment of typhoid is the use of antibiotics. Two major antibiotics that have been used are ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. Drinking clean, safe water is also a way to treat the adversity of the disease. Prevention has now been advocated for and the following recommended Fruits and vegetables eaten raw should be avoided or peel the fruit personally. When traveling to typhoid prone areas vaccination should be administered. Exercise total avoidance of street foods In the recent times, most bacteria have been reported to be resistant to antibiotics. Typhoid has become resistant to the traditionally administered antibiotics of ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Another essential medication of the disease ciprofloxacin has also been reported to face a 35% resistance from Typhimurium. Research also shows that the bacterium can live with macrophages a part of the immune system in the host tissues making it difficult for the immune system to eliminate it (Feasey, 2013). During treatment and finding of the source of outbreaks, care must be taken to include the asymptomatic carriers. Their bodies have the ability to harbor the bacterium without them suffering or showing the symptoms. They, therefore, could infect others without being noticed.

Book Review Barbara Kingsolvers Animal Vegetable Miracle

Book review: Animal, Vegetable, Miracle by Barbara Kingsolver Barbara Kingsolver was already an established novelist when she moved from drought-ridden Arizona to her family farm in Virginia, as chronicled in her book Animal, Vegetable, Miracle. Kingsolver was determined to go totally local by growing her own food and only consuming foods grown locally and in season. The ultimate goal of Kingsolvers experiment was to have a zero carbon footprint. This meant eschewing citrus fruit flown in from Florida and California and selecting locally-grown rhubarb instead; collecting her own chicken eggs, and killing her own turkeys. Kingsolver was unimpressed by going organic, given the extent to which corporations dominated the organic industry and she was unimpressed by vegetarianisms argument that it offered a more sustainable lifestyle. Im unimpressed by arguments that condemn animal harvest...while ignoring, wholesale, the animal killing that underwrites vegetal foods Kingsolver writes (Kin gsolver 222). Pesticides, she points out, kill animals to ensure that we have vegetables and soy burgers. Kingsolver is mainly known as a novelist but uses a multi-dimensional approach to address the contentious issue of what is the best way to eat in her resulting memoir. She includes diary entrees by her teenage daughter Camille Kingsolver who was forced to participate in her mothers experiment as well as her husbands scientific views of locavorism and the pro-organic movement.

The Slave Community Essay - 1159 Words

John. W. Blessingame, The Slave Community: The Plantation Life in The Antebellum South (Oxford University Press, Inc: 1972, 1979). John Wesley Blassingame was a scholar, historian, educator, writer, and leading pioneer in the study of American slavery. He received a bachelors degree at Fort Balley State College in 1969, a masters degree at Howard University in 1961, and a doctorate at Yale University in 1971. He then became a history professor at his alma mater in 1974 at Yale University. He was a professor of history, African-American studes, and American Studies for 29 years. His repatoir of books that he has written and published include: The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South, Black New Orleans 1860-1880,†¦show more content†¦In the first chapter he talks about the enslavement process. He discusses in depth that the process was extremely painful and humiliating, yet their culture and heritage was not left in Africa. The slaves remained true t o their heritage by taking with them their native dances, language, religion, songs or spitituals, and folk tales. The second chapter discusses the changes that took place because of the presence of a different culture. Blessingame points out that acculturation, meaning the the process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group, was inevitable. It is stated that the influence of the slaves upon the American culture was very prominent as well as the American culture effecting the African culture. Blessingame points out, however, that their was a distinct African slave culture that emerged from the African culture, the American culture, and the culture of the slaves that was distinct among them all. The third chapter discusses the distinct cultures of the slaves and their self preservation. It seems, that the most outstanding tradition that was mentioned was the spirituals. These songs gave them a sense of hope and belonging that brought them joy and a commonality between them all. Through these songs they expressed their hopes, dreams, love, courage,religion, and oppression. In chapter four, Blessingame discusses the slave family. He points out the importance of the family unit in order to provide a safety net fromShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Creation Of Mammy 2296 Words   |  10 Pagesmodifications and conflicting perceptions can spin into stereotypes that can be mistaken as fact, instead of fiction. One of Southern history’s most common know stereotype is of the black Mammy. This paper will discuss the depiction of the African-American slave mythological figure - Mammy, and also her opposing character, Jezebel. Mammy’s origins are deeply embedded in the antebellum American South. Historians and scholars state clearly that the Mammy and Jezebel characters are and were fictional, but howRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Slave Community 1127 Words   |  5 Pages John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1972. In the book titled The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South, author John Blassingame’s theme, focused on the history of African slave experience throughout the American South. After much research, the author said in the preface that most historians focused more on the planter instead of the slave. He also pointed out that most of the research on slaves by previous historiansRead MoreThe Definition of Family in Slave Communities Essay1488 Words   |  6 Pagesthe definition of family within slave communities because the slave definition of family not only changed from plantation to plantation, but also slave to slave. Upon reading the secondary sources, â€Å"The Shaping of the Afro-American Family,† by Steven Mintz, Susan Kellogg, Marriage in Slavery, by Brenda Stevenson, and â€Å"Motherhood in Slavery† by Stephanie Shaw, and the primary sources WPA Interviews of former slaves conducted in the 1930s. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives fro m the Federal WritersRead MoreEssay on The Confined Voices of Female Slaves1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe Confined Voices of Female Slaves Slave narratives provide a first-hand experience on slave lives and reveal the truth about slavery. Through the writing of narratives, slaves hoped to expose the cruel and inhumane aspects of slavery and their struggles, sorrows, and triumphs. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, slave narratives were important means of opening a dialogue between blacks and whites about slavery and freedom. Some slave narratives were crafted to enlighten whiteRead MoreIt Is Widely Known That Slavery Is A Brutal, Cruel, And1709 Words   |  7 Pagespassively â€Å"born† to be slaves were not only required to perform endless labor, but also tortured, suppressed and bestially destroyed in numerous heartless ways — physically and mentally. However, a few decades before the outbreak of the civil war, it was barely possible for the people in the north to know about the details of how the slaves lived in the south due to several factors such as the limit of communications. Fortunately, Fredrick Douglass, an educated run-away slave, published â€Å"The NarrativeRead MoreJohn Gast s American Progress1450 Words   |  6 Pagessettling the new territory was meant for free men and that the institution of slavery had no place there, clearly illustrated in â€Å"American Progress†. In the South, many politicians argued for instituting slavery in Western territories to create more slave states in order to increase Southern political influence. These conflicting beliefs resulted in intense political disputes that in many cases turned newly settled lands into battlefields. This clash of differing views regarding American expansion isRead MoreColor Complex Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesThe â€Å"Color Complex† and It’s Persisting Effects on the Black Community As African Americans came to the United States the â€Å"color complex† was implemented upon them by their white captors. The â€Å"color complex† became a means for which white slave owners could divide and conquer their black slaves. With black slaves outnumbering whites on many southern colonies as well as in many of the Caribbean islands, such as Haiti, whites realized that they needed to divide their captors against each other.Read More Religious and Spiritual Practices of Enslaved African Americans1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe Community of Enslaved Africans and their Religious Spiritual Practices. During a most dark and dismal time in our nations history, we find that the Africans who endured horrible circumstances during slavery, found ways of peace and hope in their religious beliefs. During slavery, Africans where able to survive unbearable conditions by focusing on their spirituality. Christianity was amongst the slave community. Being that the vast majority of the slave community was born in America, convertingRead MoreFrederick Douglass, An American Slave And From Song Of Myself927 Words   |  4 Pagesin the past it permitted slavery to take place. Freedom for African Americans in the United States had been fought for many years. Freedom is key to the quality of life of an individual. Throughout the Narrative of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave and From Song of Myself the narrator we can see that a persons freedom is what gives them the purpose to live. Through the narrative of Frederick Douglas, we can see how he fights to attain freedom. Song of Myself was published in 1855, this was aRead MoreSlave Culture810 Words   |  4 Pageswill always be particularly remembered for the cruelty it exhibited. Up until 1865 slaves were imported in shiploads and treated as if they were merely cattle. On the farms slaves were given no mercy and had to work long, ar duous days for nothing. Additionally they were often subject to cruel overseers who would beat and whip them on a regular basis. As brutal and destructive as the institution of slavery was, slaves were not defenseless victims. Through their families, and religion, as well as more

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William Shakespeare s The Bastard Of Gloucester Essay

Hobbes’ description of this restless desire for power proves to be consistent with the actions that Regan and, especially, Goneril take throughout the play. Not satisfied with only the power that comes along with ruling a sector of the kingdom, Regan and Goneril each seek to win the heart of Edmund, the bastard of Gloucester who is granted the title of Earl of Gloucester following his betrayal of his father to Regan’s husband, the Duke of Cornwall. The desire to take Edmund’s hand in marriage, thereby claiming a stake in the land that Edmund governs, resulted from Edmund’s seduction of each of the two sisters as part of his own plot to eventually claim the entire kingdom of Britain for himself. Thus, a parallel occurs throughout the play as Goneril, Regan, and Edmund each seek the aggrandizement of their own power, as Hobbes claimed all humans desire, creating a twisted triangle of seduction and betrayal. The competing desires of the sisters ultimately leads to a devastating end, a finale which Hobbes easily could have predicted. He writes, if any two men desire the same thing, which neverthelesse they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their End, (which is principally their owne conservation, and sometimes their delectation only), endeavour to destroy, or subdue one an other (184). Goneril and Regan continue to serve as models of Hobbes’ philosophy on power as their competing desire for Edmund and his land soon turns to jealousy, with GonerilShow MoreRelatedBlindness Of King Lear By William Shakespeare1077 Words   |  5 PagesMona Rupani ENG4U March-9- 2015 How is the theme of blindness explored in King Lear? The play King Lear, written by William Shakespeare, the theme of blindness is clearly illustrated in the characters of King Lear and Gloucester. Both characters are blind to the truth because of their unwariness and poor judgment of character. 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The king goes mad, Kent breaks a stereotype, Gloucester is naà ¯ve nature, Edmund as a master of manipulation, and the fool portraying the most knowledgeable of all. The first character to whose attitude portrays this oddity is the king. King Lear goes mad, he completely loses all sense of sanityRead More Lack of Judgment by King Lear Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesplay written by William Shakespeare that focuses on the relationships of many characters, some good, and some evil.   This is a great tragedy that is full of injustice at the beginning and the restoration of justice towards the end.   The good are misjudged as evil and the evil are accepted as good.   It is not until the end of the play that the righteous people are recognized as such.   There is great treachery and deceit involved in the hierarchy of English rule. King Lear and Gloucester both make greatRead MoreAnnotated King Lear1417 Words   |  6 Pages(2002): 191.  Literary Reference Center. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Neville F. 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The self-awareness, an essential aspect of their role, of many of the characters

Alibr Essay Free Essays

Belonging Essay: â€Å"Sometimes it is hard to balance belonging to a group with keeping one’s own individual identity. † How has your study of the prescribed test and two texts of your own choosing either supported or conflicted with this idea? An essential element of belonging is one’s identity as it provides an understanding of the group to which one belongs. However, it is often difficult to retain one’s individuality while belonging to a particular community. We will write a custom essay sample on Alibr Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This difficulty is evident in Sara Gavron’s film â€Å"Brick Lane† and Shaun Tan’s â€Å"Stick Figures† (Tales From Outer Suburbia), where both composer’s highlight the loss of individuality as a result of group conformation. In contrast, William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"As You Like It† demonstrates the converse as it highlights that it is possible to balance belonging to group while keeping one’s unique identity. As a result, by comparing the exploration of all three composers, a responder can enhance their understanding of the influences that affect one’s sense of belonging and identity. As one becomes part of a group an understanding of their own unique identity can often be enriched. This is evident in William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"As You like It† through Orlando, whose development of a sense of familial belonging empowers his own self-understanding. This is evident through the contrast between Orlando’s initial dejected state and final sense of status. This is evident through Orlando’s early despondence in the play in â€Å"in this world I fill up a place, which may be better supplied when I have made it empty. The impersonal tone associated with ‘a place’ alludes to Orlando’s own feeling of alienation and isolation as a result of a lack of connection with others. This is reinforced through the hollow connotations of ‘empty’ which accentuate Orlando’s lack of understanding of himself. However, this is contrasted with the conclusion of the play, as Orlando develops his sense of familial belongi ng with his brother Oliver. This sense of empowerment is evident in â€Å"you have my consent† where Orlando’s dominance is evidence through his approval of his brother’s wishes. This emphasises his enhanced status and identity, solely a result of his sense of belonging. As a result it can be seen that it is Orlando’s belonging to a group that nourishes his sense of identity. Antithetically, when a responder considers Sara Gavron’s film â€Å"Brick Lane† the converse of Shakespeare’s exploration becomes prominent. This evident when considering the character of Karim, a London-born Pakistani man. As a result of Karim’s cultural and religious heritage, he experiences a sense of alienation from the wider community as evident in â€Å"Go home Paki! † The derogatory term of ‘Paki’ compounded with the incensed tone created through the exclamation, Gavron demonstrates Karim’s social alienation. It is this isolation that yields his identity as evident in â€Å"this is my home. † The blunt nature of Karim’s statement highlights his resoluteness and confidence with his own unique multicultural self. Despite this, Karim’s identity begins to waver as he becomes part of a Muslim group that fights for understanding. This is evident through the contrast in costuming used by Gavron. Initially, she characterises Karim in a combination of western and Pakistani clothes, but as he joins the group, these western elements begin to disappear. This results in Karim conforming to the dress code of the other group members, implying the loss of his own unique identity as a result of his belonging. Hence, Gavron, unlike Shakespeare emphasises that one’s sense of identity can be lost through their connection with a group. In certain situations it is often difficult to retain a sense of unique identity while being part of a group. This is elucidated in Shaun Tan’s â€Å"Stick Figures† where the Stick Figures are shown to be alienated from their homeland due to industrialization. Tan emphasises that by belonging to this group of isolated individuals, a person can lose their sense of identity in â€Å"faceless clod. † The How to cite Alibr Essay, Essay examples

Pragmatics Deixis and Conversational Implicature Essay Example For Students

Pragmatics Deixis and Conversational Implicature Essay 1.1 The concept of deictic centreDeixis deals with the words and expressions whose reference relies entirely on the circumstances of the utterance. For that reason these special expressions and their meaning in discourse can only be understood in light of these circumstances. The term deictic centre underlines that the deictic term has to relate to the situation exactly at the point where the utterance is made or the text is written. One could even say that the deictic centre is the unmarked anchorage point from which the utterance is made. To decode the meaning of a sentence we use a navigation system. In our day-to-day conversational exchanges, the speaker does not consciously use deictic expressions, as well as the adressee usually understands the utterance immediately (meaning that the adressee does not need much time to think about an utterance before understanding the message). Deixis makes discourse easier and more effective, giving us a means to pass more information in less time. Nevertheless, there are certain situations making an interpretation difficult or even impossible, mostly when we only get chunks of information and therefore lack context. If, for example, a person tells a story and forgets to give the essential information a deictic term refers to, we will grow aware of the weakness the deictic system features. Or if the fax machine just receives the second page of a letter, beginning with Then he was quite embarrassed about it the adressee will never be able to guess what then, he and it stands for. Similar gaps arise if we read about an utterance made in the p ast and lack information about the references. Although the adressee at that time could easily have understood the sense, we may not be capable of getting the original meaning. Even if we knew the context in detail, this might not be sufficient to understand discourse, for example if a special gesture is made when pointing at a building while saying: I lived there two years ago. 1.2 Linguistic categoriesThe Greek origin of the term deixis meaning pointing via language already hints at its function. According to Yule (1996:9), Deixis is clearly a form of referring that is tied to the speakers context. This again leads us to the concept of deictic centre. The deictic centre can be divided into certain sub-centres. 1. Central person (speaker): Personal pronouns, I (Speaker), you (Addresse)2. Central time (coding time): Adverbs of time, now and then3. Central place (the location of the speaker): Adverbs of space, here and there 4. Discourse centre (the point of the speakers discourse): Adverbs of time and place, conjunctions5. Social centre (the speakers social status relative to the Adressees) Next we can distinguish between proximal terms (like here, now, this near to the speaker) and distal terms (like there, then, that away from the speaker). It is important to note that in context of deixis and grammar, when direct speech is shifted into indirect speech, the proximal forms also shift into the corresponding distal forms. Compare the two following sentences:You were here this morning?I asked him whether he had been there that morning. In contrast to the effect of immediateness proximal deictic forms create, the reported speech utterance normally makes the original speech event seem more remote. In the following section, I shall discuss some forms of deixis in detail. Person deixisThese seemingly simple forms are sometimes quite tricky in their use. Children often have problems using personal pronouns. The three pronouns from first to third person I, you and he, she, it are in many languages elaborated with markers of relative social status (social deixis). Expressions indicating a higher social status are called honorifics. In German or French, there is a special social aspect about a familiar form of you (Du/tu) and an unfamiliar one (Sie/Vous). The use of either one form gives us information about the speakers view of his relationship to the addressee. Third person terms are usually more distant terms. Today they sometimes may serve ironic purposes ( Should I clean the dishes for her majesty?), and they can also be used to make a potentially personal issue seem like an impersonal one, e.g. if I want someone to do me a favour. Spatial deixis Spatial deictic terms indicate the relative location of people and things (here, there). Interesting about the use is the aspect of deictic projection: Speakers often refer to physically distant locations like home using here, as if they still were in that location. Moreover, modern technology allows us to utter seemingly impossible sentences like I am not here at the moment on an answering machine. Yet another shift takes place when I tell a story quoting direct speech, as here or there have to be understood relative to the place my story takes place. Temporal deixis Now is indicating both the time coinciding with the speakers utterance and the time of the addressee hearing these words. Then may either refer to past and future actions relative to the moment where it is uttered (deictic centre). Deictic expressions like yesterday, tomorrow, today, next week etc. have to be separated from non-deictical temporal references such as local time. Showing similarities to the notion of spatial deixis, the remote form in temporal deixis can be used to communicate not only distance from current time, but also distance from current reality or facts. 1.3. May we come in, sir?We refers to a group of at least two persons that the speaker belongs to. In this case the exclusive we (addressee does not belong to group) should be suggested more likely (Person deixis). Sir implies that the addressee has at least the same social status as the speaker or probably even a higher status relative to the group (Social deixis). The action of coming in involves a certain place, or, to be more precise, two places (Spatial deixis): One where the speaker is situated at the moment of his utterance, and one where he requests to go. As this sentence seems typical of our everyday life politeness, it is not very difficult to find a situation where it could have been uttered, e.g. a group of pupils visiting their teacher at his home. 2 Introduction: The notion of implicature How is it that we can convey meanings which we do not actually state? To solve this problem which we are not aware of as a problem in our day-to-day conversational exchanges pragmatics uses the notion of implicature. The concept of implicature is so salient because it explains how it is possible to mean more than what is actually said by the single words. Implicature bridges the gap between what is literally said and what is meant, suggested, what is implied. By contrast, a semantic theory is based on the belief that natural language expressions tend to have simple, stable and unitary senses so that consequently, a semantic theory will never be able to give full account of how we use language in our conversations (cf. Levinson 1983: 99). Specal Ed Observation EssayBefore providing some examples, there is another basic remark on implicatures I must mention, namely that they do not inevitably have to be conversational implicatures. Defining the term implicature more precisely, one can distinguish conversational implicature from conventional implicature. Conventional implicatures arise from expressions which, taken by themselves, implicate certain states of the world that cannot be attributed to our use of language. They are not derived from pragmatic principles like the maxims, but are simply attached by convention to particular lexical items or expressions. ExamplesA: Why do you want to leave the company?B: Because I know that our situation soon will be devastating.If B wants to observe the quality maxim, he must not only be convinced about his utterance being true, but also know that there is clear proof of what he is claiming. If he lacks adequate evidence, he better should mark this by using a cautious note (hedg es) I dont know or sure, but. A: How do we get those seven persons back there?B: I own one old car. Observing the quantity maxim, this also means that B does not have more than one car. A: I wont describe every single minute, but it was a great game.A shows that he is conscious of the quantity maxim, making use of hedges. A: Can you tell me how to get to the university?B: There is a petrol station just some hundred metres away.B does not know where the university is located. Still, he observes the maxim of relevance by giving a hint where the driver could get better information. A: I know this sounds a little obscure, but I did not notice you at all.Presupposing that A did not recognize a good friend, A still tries to show that he is trying to observe the maxims. A: Did I call you too early?B: Oh, I love getting up at six in the morningBy blatantly flouting the first maxim, B implies that his utterance has to be interpreted in quite a different way (and furthermore, that his question was quite unnecessary). A: Seems they are going to lose this match.B: Dont forget about our goalie. Hes top of the league.Everybody knows that the goalkeeper is not very skilled, thus B obviously flouts the maxim of quality, hinting at a sarcastic meaning. A: You still use this car, honestly?B: Well, its got four wheels and a steering wheel.In this case, B is flouting the maxim of quantity, of manner and even of relevance, as he says something A already knows before B answers his question (giving more information than necessary), being neither brief nor he avoiding obscurity, and not responding directly to As question. One could translate Bs utterance into: Dont make such a fuss, the car is in a good condition.A: Can you tell us about your teams line-up next Sunday?B: Sure. There will be eleven players.The coach is flouting the maxim of quantity, giving less information than required. He is tired of the journalists always asking the same questions that he must not answer. A: Did I tell you, Graham Potter finally got this job in Glasgow?B: The lobster is delicious, darling.Flouting the maxim of relevance, B tells her husband that she definitely does not want to talk about his job or his colleagues. A: And then, after all we have been through, he did not notice me at allB: Oops, right at the back there is a spot on your dressAgain flouting the maxim of relevance, B possibly warns her girlfriend that the guy she has been talking about is approaching. A: I could invite you for dinner tomorrow.B: Your girlfriend is doing well, is she?Flouting the third maxim, B reminds her admirer that he should be faithful. A: Rumour has it that you had an affair with this woman.B: I do not claim that this question is unjustified.B is flouting the maxim of manner, thus indicating that there was an affair, but he does not dare to admit things. A: Tell me about your last match!B: It came quite close to playing tennisB played his worst tennis and uses a flouting of the last maxim to indicate this. 2.3 The process of flouting in detailIn this section I shall take a closer look at one of my examples, making explicit the types of knowledge required for the implicatures to be worked out. A: Oops, did I call you too early?B: Oh, I love getting up at six in the morningThis flout exploits the maxim of quality as the speaker says something which is blatantly untrue. Assuming cooperation, the listener is forced to look for another plausible interpretation. His line of thought (as well as the speakers codification process shortly before uttering his sentence) might work like this:1. B has expressed pleasure at being disturbed early in the morning (utterance X)2. But normally people in our society do not like this. 3. So why is B uttering X?4. I cannot assume that B is violating the cooperative principle, namely he tries to deceive me. 5. I also do not think that Bs sentence is entirely pointless. 6. As 3 and 4 are not true, B must be trying to put across some other proposition7. Is there a related meaning Bs utterance hints at?8. In this case, the only obviously related proposition is the exact opposite of the one B has expressed. 9. Therefore the only plausible explanation is that B is quite annoyed at me calling this early. 10. I will accept this meaning unless context hints at a more persuasive interpretation3 ReferencesGrice, H. Paul. 1975. Logic and conversation. In: Cole, P. and J. Morgan (eds.). Pragmatics. (Syntax and Semantics 9). New York: Academic Press, 41-58Levinson, Stephen. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge UPMey, Jacob. 1993. Pragmatics: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning and Interaction. An Introduction to Pragmatics. London:Longman. Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford UP

Nigerian Television Authority Management Accounting And Finance

Question: 1) Assess the budgeting process and procedures for the organisation with regards to preparation techniques, uses for evaluation, differences between business units/divisions, etc. 2) Analyse how the organisation collects, stores, and prepares management accounting information, particularly the use of a management accounting system (MAS) and how information is disseminated throughout the organisation. 3) Evaluate the costing process and procedures of the organisation with respect to method or approach utilised. 4) Assess the capital decision making process within the organisation with regards to what methods are utilised, how such methods are chosen, how projects are selected and managed, and what measures are employed to evaluate performance. 5) Evaluate the criteria or mechanisms used by the organisation for deciding how best to acquire capital and analyse the capital structure of the company. A) Brief description of company B) Description of firm's budgeting process C) Management accounting information system D) Costing process E) Capital decisions F) Capital acquisition and structure G) Conclusion Answer: Brief Description of the company Nigerian Television Authority is a television broadcasting company. It claims to run the biggest television network in Nigeria. The company has stations in several regions in Nigeria. Presently, the company is known as Nigerian Television NTV (Nta.ng, 2014). The company had started in the year 1977. The television company has been widely viewed as an authentic voice of the Government of Nigeria. An editorial posted in Guardian on October 18th, 2009 stated that it is one of the largest television companies in Nigeria (Broadcasting In Nigeria: Unlocking The Airwaves, 2001). The company lacks operational freedom in order to maximize their potential. Prior to mid 1990s the company was a monopoly in Nigeria. But with the establishment of privately owned television stations and networks i.e. African Independent Television, the company received competition and they had to revise their content. The programs of NTA can be viewed online via the Africast as well as they can be viewed in TelAfri c television (US and Canada). The news bulletin of NTA is aired frequently on the African Independent Television and the Ben Television based in United Kingdom. The organization is inventing strategies to reposition NTA for better delivery of service so that it can bring innovation in the area of presenting news and programs. Apart from being one of the largest media and broadcasting network in Nigeria, NTA creates opportunities of employment in the economic situation in Nigeria. The decline in the purchasing power of the Nigerians has adversely affected the television usage (Placng.org, 2015). The report discusses the management accounting strategies applied by NTA. The process of budgeting, management accounting information system, process of costing , capital decision making process and the capital acquisition process and capital structure has been discussed. Budgeting process The National Broadcasting Commission controls the broadcasting and media operations of the country. It is responsible for receiving, processing the applications, broadcasting using direct satellite and other medium of broadcasting. It regulates the broadcasting industry. The budgeting process of Nigerian Television Authority includes budgetary allocation that has been made by the Commission in the annual budget of the company (Cislacnigeria.net, 2007). The sources of revenue for the Nigerian Government are internal and external in nature. The internal sources of revenue comprises of the fines, taxes, rates and fees. But the Nigerian Government mostly depends on the allocation grant from the Federal Government for its survival. The budgetary cycle is a lengthy procedure. It should be made more proactive and responsive in nature. The process of budgeting involves analysis and monitoring tracking and evaluating the allocation of the resources. Zero based budgeting process is followed by the organization. This approach is based on planning and decision making that is different from traditional form of budgeting. The zero-based budgeting requires re-evaluation of the budget. The process of budgeting is independent in nature and the specific items in the budget are either increasing or decreasing. This process of budgeting has resulted in efficient allocation of the resources which is based on the need and benefits rather than the history. It is important for the organization to prepare the sales budget in advance in order to review the profitability of the company for the particular year (Iyagba Anyanwu, 2012). The breakeven point is calculated on the basis of the budget. The latest financial reports of the company are continuously scrutinized and analysis is done to ensure that the company is able to attain the break even. The budget is prepared with the purpose of meeting the short term objective. The approach of budgeting is authoritarian in nature. The company suffers from dilemma if its profit target is not met. The financial position of NTA can be understood deeply with the understanding of the budget of the company. The process of budgeting for NTA depends on the funds allocated to the local government. The local government will allocate money for NTA on the basis of the funds arranged by the Government. It is can be said that NTA can apply the lean approach of accounting. This approach of accounting will simplify the financial reports and it will highlight the areas that require attention. In order to facilitate the approach, training has to be provided to the managers responsible for preparing the budget (Adeyanju Okwori, 2015). The budget can be a monthly flexible form of budget (Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002). This will maximize the operational efficiency which is required for fine tune decision making of the organization. The sales figure has to be monitored on a regular basis to identify the future profitability of the organi zation. If the predicted sales are not materialized, it will result in decline in the financial performance of the company (Shah, 2007). In such cases the government has to provide additional financial assistance to the company so that it can revive from its financial position (Mccue, 1999). Management accounting information system The management accounting information system helps the organization in streamlining the various accounting process of the organization. The organization can monitor its cost and expenses by using MIS. Management accounting information system is used by NTA to store and process the financial and accounting data of the organization. The accounting system is a computer based system which is used to track the accounting activity of the organization. The management accounting information system is used to prepare the statistical reports that can be used internally by the management for the purpose of decision making. NTA uses the management accounting information system for external usage for the investors, creditors and the tax authorities. The managers at NTA uses the top down approach so that the cost can be kept at minimum. The information at the managerial level is not shared with other divisional managers. Excel is used for the preparation of the financial statements. The financial accounting information is used to monitor cash flow, creditors, debtors and preparation of general ledger. The data prepared by the accounting information system is distributed throughout the entire organization. Excel is used to prepare the budget and calculate the profit and loss of the organization. The accounting information will help to provide the data to the users of the organization. The confidential information is available only to the CEO and financial manager of the organization. The costs are generally controlled by the top management of the organization. They are responsible for controlling the expenses and the revenue of the organization for each department. The employees are trained on a regular basis to monitor the accounting information system. The broadcasting department is responsible for monitoring the costs and revenue on a regular basis. NTA can use the lean approach of accounting. This will aid the manager of the company to take decisions appropriately that will be helpful for creation of value to the customers. The managers have to work in collaboration for the success of the MAIS system. Improvement of the systems will improve the productivity and lead to reduction of the costs. This will enhance the flexibility. The transparency of the organization should increase so that the major information is available to the share holders. The managers should utilize the resources efficiently. The wastage of resources could be avoided by efficient planning and use of accounting information system. This will provide access to the entire financial information. The cost savings would increase the profit margin of the company and the sales can increase by efficient planning process. There are certain drawbacks to the implementation process. It is considered as a process which is time consuming. In the lean approach, the number o f reports prepared is more so the time consumption is more. It is one of the traditional forms of accounting that is used by the accountants to produce the information periodically. The accounting information system is used to reduce the time period of work and increase the efficiency of the organization (Ibraheem Diso, 2005). Costing process The broadcasting industry of Nigeria is currently undergoing revolution. The broadcasting industry uses the digital technology. The technological innovation in the form of digitization has changed the scope of the television and radio industry in Nigeria. The method of costing applied by the Nigerian Television Authority is absorption costing method. The method is applied for the calculation of cost across various departments of the organization (Innes, Mitchell Sinclair, 2000). There are various slots for the programs to be forecasted on the television. If one of the slots remains unsold then it is considered as wastage of money. Costing method is applied to the time slots (Agboli Christian Ukaegbu, 2006). There are fixed costs and variable costs for calculation of the costs of the slots. The apportionment is done on an equal basis. The apportionment does not depend on the staff number, the amount of space that has been utilized or the variable costs that are related to the divisi ons (McGowan, Holmes Martin, n.d.). The cost incurred by the organization bears direct correlation with the pricing of the advertisements. This is done by calculating the breakeven point. It is calculated by the organization so that they can calculate the revenue generated by selling the news (Falodun Ajewole, 2006). The focus of activity based costing is on the cost drivers. The activity based costing identifies the costs that have increased (van Triest Fathy Elshahat, 2007). The traditional form of activity based costing used to focus on the drivers that are volume based which includes the number of labor hours while the new approach of activity based costing uses the transaction based drivers. The costing of each slot is done using activity based costing in NTA (Adediji, Ajewole Falodun, 2011). The activity based costing method is an accurate method of costing that lead to decisions of pricing that are more accurate than other forms of costing technique. The understanding of overhead costs and the cost drivers increases (Atkinson Cornwell, 2011). NTA uses the activity based costing method so that it can monitor the operating costs so that the overhead costs can be avoided. The performance of the management can be monitored for the improvement of the operational process of the organization. The activity based costing approach apportions the various costs equally. This will help to identify the areas which results in loss of NTA. Since the media industry is a labor intensive industry with high cost of overhead it is suitable for the organization to use the activity based method of costing. This will assist the organization in the process of decision making and reduce the cost of the organization.NTA will be able to identify the news that is not generating any profit for the organization. The news which is not generating any profit can be either modified or they can be stopped permanently. This will reduce the expenditure of the organization by controlling the operation costs. The activity based costing method has helped NTA to identify the areas which are creating loss for the organization so that the resources can be managed in an efficient manner. Capital decisions Digitization has been the current trend in the broadcasting industry in Nigeria. The entire broadcasting industry in Nigeria is getting digitized (Guilding, 2003). Thus the capital decisions at NTA are based on digitization of the broadcasting stations. The capital decisions of NTA are based on making investments in digitization. The migration of the Nigerian media to the digital broadcasting is considered as a mirage (Smith, 2012). The digital television signals are more clear and strong. The audio and the video output are much stronger. NTA has embarked on this process of digitization by the installation of the transmitting equipment throughout the country. The installation of the digital media is imperative as without its installation the customers will not be able to receive the signals of television and they will not be able to view the news broadcasted in the NTA channel. The cost of the transmission equipment is high. The increase in the cost of the company has been calculated using capital budgeting techniques. While analyzing the investment decision, the depreciation and rate of interest are calculated. The capital budgeting process has helped to identify the profit and the risk from the investment. This method can be considered as a good appraisal method. The organization can implement strategies to minimize the risks from investment (Bierman Smidt, 2012). With the change in the rate of interest by the Government there will be change in the investment decision by NTA. NTA can use the methods of capital budgeting like NPV, Payback period, IRR to calculate the risk and gain from the investment. This will increase the feasibility of an investment decision. The calculation from NPV will help to avoid a very costly mistake. The risk of making huge loss in a certain investment can be easily avoided by NTA. NTA will be able to take decisions on loan and other investment decisions using the methods of capital budgeting. The method of capital budgeting can be used to analyze the investment decisions. It will help to choose the investment option which is most feasible. The company can generate profits by investment in the transmission equipments that will result in profitability of the organization. NTA will be able to compete with other organizations using digital technology. This will increase the efficiency of the organization. The viewers will be able to view the channel using digital technology. The various slots of the shows of the company will genera te enormous profit. Capital acquisition and Capital structure Nigerian Television Authority has undergone several merger and acquisition to improve the financial position of the company. With the establishment of the NBC (Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation) , the television media was under the scrutiny of the broadcasting corporation. In the year 1977, the state run television broadcasters had merged itself with the rebranded name known as Nigerian Television. At the present context NTV is owned by the Nigerian Television Authority. NTA has opened several branches and network centers in the country. The channel receives funding from the government. The Government arranges funds from the banks and other investors (Haynes, 2000). They invest in the broadcasting channel. The Government has spent lump sum amount for the digitization of the broadcasting media. The competition in the broad casting business is increasing with the privatization of the industry. There is entry of competitors of the company which has affected the sale of the shows shown a t specific time slots. In such as situation aid from the Government is essential to promote the business. The growth of the business will improve the financial position of the company (Adesokan, 2009). It can invest in new projects. For this purpose NTA has entered in to merger and acquisition to increase its business. The proportion of debt and equity in the business defines the capital structure of a company. NTA is a run by the State Government of Nigeria. The owner of the company is the Federal Government. There are generally two forms of capital which is the equity capital and the debt capital. Except for the organizations that are funded by the Government, the company can make choices of their capital structure. In case of Government organizations, the managers can decide whether to increase the proportion of debt or equity of the organization. The profitability of an organization is based on the capital structure and the allocation of the costs of the business. NTA is a Government funded organization. The Government is dependent on funds from the investors for making the investment decisions (Oyeleye, 2004). Sourcing cash may be finished an assortment of reasons. Conventional territories of need may be for capital resource securing - new hardware or the development of another building or station. The improvement of new items can be hugely exorbitant and here again capital may be needed. Regularly, such improvements are financed inside, though capital for the obtaining of apparatus may originate from outside sources. In this day and time of tight liquidity, numerous associations need to search for fleeting capital in the method for overdraft or advances with a specific end goal to give an income pad. Investment rates can differ from association to association furthermore as per purpose. Ordinary shares are issued to the holders of an organization. The business estimation of a cited organization's shares bears no relationship to their ostensible quality, with the exception of that when customary shares are issued for money, the issue value must be equivalent to or be more than the ostensib le estimation of the shares. A rights issue gives a method for raising new impart capital by method for an offer to existing shareholders, welcoming them to subscribe trade for new experience for cold hard currency extent to their current possessions (Bernardo, Cai Luo, n.d.). An organization making a rights issue must set a value which is low to such a degree as to secure the acknowledgement of shareholders, who are being asked to give additional stores, yet not very low, to keep away from unreasonable weakening of the income every share. Preference shares have an altered rate profit before any profit is paid to the customary shareholders Conclusion: NTA is Media Company in Nigeria run by the Government. The media company is run by the Government. The implications of the finances i.e. the proportion of debt and equity are arranged by the Government. The Government arranges funds from various sources which include the issuing of ordinary and preference shares and rights issue. NTA was running as a monopoly organization till the introduction of privatization in the media sector. The private media companies have increased the competition of the organization. There has been considerable rise in the pressure on NTA to maintain the standards. The company has to undertake certain investment decisions to increase the profit margin. Digitization has captured the market of the media sector in Nigeria. Thus it is important for NTA to innovate themselves towards the path of digitization. The digital media has simplified the process of working of the organization. The audio and visual media is available to the public in a much polished manner . Thus it has been imperative for the organization to invest lump sum of money for the process of digitization. This has increased the profit of the company. The shows shown in particular time slots are becoming popular. NTA has used activity based costing to calculate the costs and expenses. References: Adediji, A., Ajewole, M., Falodun, S. (2011). Distribution of radio refractivity gradient and effective earth radius factor (k-factor) over Akure, South Western Nigeria.Journal Of Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Physics,73(16), 2300-2304. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.06.017 Adesokan, A. (2009). Practising 'Democracy' in Nigerian Films.African Affairs,108(433), 599-619. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp044 Adeyanju, A., Okwori, D. (2015).Nigeria Research findings and conclusions(1st ed., pp. 2-30). Retrieved from https://downloads.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/pdf/AMDI/NIG_AMDI_Report.pdf Agboli, M., Christian Ukaegbu, C. (2006). Business environment and entrepreneurial activity in Nigeria: implications for industrial development.The Journal Of Modern African Studies,44(01), 1. doi:10.1017/s0022278x05001394 Atkinson, S., Cornwell, C. (2011). Estimation of Allocative Inefficiency and Productivity Growth with Dynamic Adjustment Costs.Econometric Reviews,30(3), 337-357. doi:10.1080/07474930903451581 Bernardo, A., Cai, H., Luo, J. Capital Budgeting and Compensation with Asymmetric Information and Moral Hazard.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.242690 Bierman, J., Smidt, S. (2012).The Capital Budgeting Decision, Ninth Edition. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Broadcasting In Nigeria: Unlocking The Airwaves. (2001) (1st ed., pp. 8-50). Retrieved from https://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/publications/nigeria-broadcasting-in-nigeria.pdf Cislacnigeria.net,. (2007).THE LEGISLATURE AND BUDGET PROCESS IN NIGERIA | Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Centre. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from https://www.cislacnigeria.net/2007/04/the-legislature-and-budget-process-in-nigeria/ Falodun, S., Ajewole, M. (2006). Radio refractive index in the lowest 100-m layer of the troposphere in Akure, South Western Nigeria.Journal Of Atmospheric And Solar-Terrestrial Physics,68(2), 236-243. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.002 Guilding, C. (2003). Hotel owner/operator structures: implications for capital budgeting process.Management Accounting Research,14(3), 179-199. doi:10.1016/s1044-5005(03)00049-0 Haynes, J. (2000).Nigerian video films. Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies. Ibraheem Diso, L. (2005). Information production, transfer, and delivery: Mass information work and television Journalists dilemma in Nigeria.The International Information Library Review,37(4), 285-294. doi:10.1016/j.iilr.2005.08.003 Innes, J., Mitchell, F., Sinclair, D. (2000). Activity-based costing in the U.K.s largest companies: a comparison of 1994 and 1999 survey results.Management Accounting Research,11(3), 349-362. doi:10.1006/mare.2000.0135 Iyagba, A., Anyanwu, S. (2012). Problems and prospects of cassava production in Rivers State, Nigeria: A case study of Oyigbo local government area.Agriculture And Biology Journal Of North America,3(7), 296-301. doi:10.5251/abjna.2012.3.7.296.301 Mccue, C. (1999).Local Government Budgeting. ABC-CLIO. McGowan, A., Holmes, S., Martin, M. The Association Between Activity-Based Costing System Adoption and Hospital Performance.SSRN Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.921471 Nta.ng,. (2014).Management Board | NTA. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from https://www.nta.ng/management-board-2/ Oyeleye, A. (2004). The Mediation of Politicians and the Political Process in Nigeria.Parliamentary Affairs,57(1), 157-168. doi:10.1093/pa/gsh013 Placng.org,. (2015).PLAC - Laws of Nigeria. Retrieved 2 March 2015, from https://www.placng.org/new/laws_of_nigeria3.php?sn=392 Shah, A. (2007).Local budgeting. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Smith, D. (2012). Symbiosis: twenty years after how things have changed an introduction to the proceedings of the seventh International Symbiosis Congress.Symbiosis,58(1-3), 1-2. doi:10.1007/s13199-012-0201-3 van Triest, S., Fathy Elshahat, M. (2007). The use of costing information in Egypt: a research note.J Acc Organizational Change,3(3), 329-343. doi:10.1108/18325910710820328 Wadsworth/Thomson Learning,. (2002).Government Budgeting: Theory, Process, and Politics 2002(pp. 100-600).

Personal Values Essay - How to Write a Personal Values Essay

Personal Values Essay - How to Write a Personal Values EssayThe personal values essay is a powerful method of expression, and you have several choices when deciding on how to write one. A few of the things you will want to remember are: they should be relevant to your life and interests and relate to your chosen topic or area of study. Remember that in writing a personal values essay, you will not only be writing about your beliefs, but your dreams and goals as well. As long as you are able to get into your own thoughts and feelings, and convey them through your essay, you will be able to find the balance between the technical elements and the concepts that will make your essay so meaningful.The first thing you need to consider when writing a personal values essay is to create a sense of depth and individuality within your writing. This should be done by not just choosing a single theme or topic for your essay. Make sure that it is rich in topics, ideas, and themes. Consider giving y our reader a myriad of different ways of understanding and connecting to your ideas. Make sure that you feel that your thoughts and experiences are coming across clearly in your essay.When writing a personal values essay, you should remember that it should not simply be an extension of your values. Instead, it should be a reflection of your beliefs and what you believe in. Write your values essay using your words, and this will give you the opportunity to explore them and see how they can connect to your thoughts. It will also help you find the balance between your personal values and the things you wish to say and express. If you use your words to support your ideas, you will be able to turn them into an effective essay.Writing a personal values essay can be quite intimidating. You should begin with a research and brainstorming phase. In doing this, you will find that your essay becomes a reflection of who you are and what you want to achieve in your life.When you are thinking abou t writing a personal values essay, it may be helpful to use a tool that will provide you with multiple different approaches and ideas to consider. Word! This free online writing tool can be used to prepare ideas, outline the essay, as well as to generate new ideas and concepts. You will be able to look at your ideas as a whole and analyze how they will fit into your essay.Once you are ready to begin writing your personal values essay, you should make a note of the key things that are most important to you. Include these key points throughout your essay, and then link them together using a different concept or idea. This will help you as you develop your essay and help you remember and emphasize certain aspects of your personal values and beliefs.When you are finished with your personal values essay, you will be able to find the things that made it such a successful essay. You will also be able to see how your opinions and thoughts were transferred from your own mind to your readers. Once you have finished writing, you will be able to include it in your portfolio. The more effective your essay is, the more successful you will be at finding a job and moving forward.

English Essays (752 words) - Fiction, Film, Speculative Fiction

English 0ctober 22, 2017 A good Leader A leader, by definition, is a person who leads a group of people, organization or country. In the book "Ender's Game" by Oscar Scott Card, it explains a story of a six-year old boy, Ender Wiggins, who is expected to lead a group of kids in order to save the world from an alien race called the Buggers. Ender has to endure a lot of hard things so that it is possible to save the world. While going through his journey, Ender becomes a good leader. Some things that make him a good leader is that he is a hard worker, he is creative and cares for others. At the age of six, Ender is capable of understanding and working through complex things because he is a hard worker. He thinks farther into the future, plans things out and follows through. Ender says, "I have to win this now and for all time, or I will fight it every day and it will get worse and worse" (Card 7). This is important because it shows that he works through things efficiently. Ender also does his best when he does anything. The adults see that Ender doesn't just do the bare minimum. Graff, Ender's mentor, says "Ender Wiggins is not a killer he just wins thoroughly" (Card 226). His leadership skills are evident in his work ethic. Ender is creative and smart and he encourages others to be creative as well. Ender likes unique ideas. He tells Bean, one of his soldiers, "I need you to be clever Bean, I need you to think of solutions to problems we haven't seen yet. I want you to try things no one else has ever tried because they are absolutely stupid" (Card 198). Ender is very smart. He knows or figures out how to do just about everything. In the book, the author writes "all he had to do is watch the game and understand how things worked, and then he could use the system and even excel" (Card 118). This tells us that no matter what, Ender will figure out a way to succeed. Because of Ender's creativity people follow him and his new ideas. Caring for the people you are leading creates more interest in your goals since you are vested in the outcome of the situation. Ender truly cares about his friends, especially his friend Bean. He says "I'll be watching you more compassionately than you will know, and when the time is right you will find that I am your friend and you are the soldier that you want to be" (Card 168). Ender's capacity to care for people extends even to his enemies. He explains to his sister "In the moment when I truly understand my enemy, understand him well enough to defeat him, then in that very moment I also love him" (Card 238). Ender cares for people in a way that a lot of other leaders don't. He is forced to do hard things but never loses his humanity. Some people would argue that Endure isn't capable of being a good leader because he is only six years old. This might seem like a valid point but they live in a society that is dependent on grooming children for battle. Ender is a third, meaning the third child who has a combined personality of his two older siblings giving him traits that catapult him to leadership. Ender's friend from battle school explains the oddity of their situation "I've got a pretty good idea of what children are and we are not children. Children can lose sometimes and nobody cares. Children aren't in armies, they aren't commanders, they don't rule over forty other kids, it's more than anybody can take and not get crazy" (Card 108) . The demands put on them are so great that they're childhood is non-existent, they are forced into mature situations that have life or death outcomes, requiring maturity far more than is typical for their age. Ender endured a lot to become a good leader. Throughout the book he shows his incredible work ethic, creativity and compassion. He takes these characteristics to the next level, First when goes

Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Sample

Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Sample Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Butlers Chocolates is an Irish appurtenant private manufacturer of premium chocolate and chocolate products. It works in the industry of chocolate, ice-cream and candy manufacturing. The manufacturer is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. Butlers Chocolates was founded in Lad Lane in 1932 and it celebrated its 80 years of being a distributor of happiness in 2012. The manufacturer employs 250 people across manufacturing, shipping, packing, cask payments, sales and marketing, innovative production evolvement and Butlers Chocolate Cafes (History 2013). It is available in over 35 countries. Moreover, in 2012 Butlers Chocolate opened two overseas offices, in Singapore and in Dubai in particular in order to service the Asia-Pacific area together with the Middle East (Who we are 2013). The company opened the first cafà © in Dublin in 1998 and has established 17 Butlers Chocolate Cafes since then. Three of them were opened in Dublin, and all others appeared in Cork, New Zealand, London, Galwa y, Karachi, Pakistan, Westfield, Clonshaugh, and Lahore. The manufacturer has introduced its chocolate to many lovers across the world, from Shannon to Sydney and from Dublin to Dubai. In fact, the company is on sale in over 35 countries, including Australia, the USA, the Russian Federation, Singapore, and England (About us 2013). Butlers Chocolates SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a well-defined and structures planning method. It is used to estimate internal factors, including strengths and weaknesses, and external factors, including opportunities and threats. Internal factors encompass the internal situation of the company, whereas external factors present the external environment to the organization (Humphrey 2005). Strengths First, the company has a lot of individual, premium, and secret recipes. Secondly, it posses a unique concept, which encompasses the relaxing cafà © ambience and Butlers Chocolate cafà ©, both offering the highest quality retail outlet. Thirdly, the manufacturer introduces a number of innovations, including the mail order gifts, Internet marketing, club membership, and discount schemes, which helped the company to raise their general sales (Scott 2013). Fourthly, the company developed the entrepreneurial concept, with the help of which, the manufacturer tries to market chocolates with the help of coffees, in order to increase the sales. Fifthly, Butlers Chocolate Cafà © carried out an environmental scanning before starting with the concept of chocolates with coffee. It helped to check whether the idea is working in the market or not. Finally, Butlers Chocolates is a chocolate leader in a number of big markets, including UK and the USA (Butlers Chocolates 2013). Weaknesses First of all, it is considered that manufacturer has a relatively low promotions and advertising budget (Cleveland 2000). Most of their innovations and unique products are either unknown for the average person or poorly advertised. This shows the low market awareness of the brand. Secondly, there is the risk of production line issues. Finally, the company does not have the full access to the system in order to make any possible modifications due to the fact that Butlers Chocolates bought the hardware and backup facilities, while the software technical equipment and Labyrinth stayed the same. That is why it is crucial for further development to be able to save and update the site itself (Butlers Chocolates 2013). Opportunities First of all, there are franchise opportunities in foreign markets. Secondly, there is the opportunity to expand the airport retail model. Thirdly, Butlers Chocolates is to widen their Butlers Chocolate Cafes’ network into the USA. The premium chocolate manufacturer is to open the first retail outlet in New Jersey with further openings, which are believed to appear during the following 18 months (About us 2013). Finally, Butlers Chocolates opportunities concern technological innovations. The explosive growth of the computer and informational technology influences the way manufacturer brings value to the customers. It is hard to measure the value of a Web site, but it is obvious that the company has made a lot of money form the Internet efforts. In fact, all new technologies create new opportunities and markets. That is practically why the web-department should watch the following trend in technology in order to raise the online purchases (Scott 2013). Threats The first group of threats concerns economics and shows that there might be a decrease in the customer’s demand. Thus, the manufacturer has to be strongly market focused. Secondly, there is the treat of the competitive price pressure. Due to the intensive growth of such discounters and Lidl and Aldi, there are numerous threats from substitutes. Finally, there is the threat of higher input prices, which will be provoked by the increase of competitive prices around (About us 2013). PESTEL Analysis Political factors show to what degree the government intervenes in the economy of the country. Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy. It is an independent sovereign Arab State (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). The monarchy is ruled by Emir. Such status is provided as a heritage from the previous Emir. Despite the fact that Kuwait is claimed to be a democracy, the Prime Minister and most of cabinet ministers are appointed by the Emir and not by the general population. It practically means that most cabinet ministers are from the ruling family. Moreover, Prime Minister is often a crown prince. He is chosen by the royal family. 50 members of the National Assembly are elected from five different districts. Ten members are selected from each district. The participation in the National Assembly is allowed to the native Kuwaiti or so-called â€Å"naturalized† people, who have lived there for more than 20 years (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). These might be both men and women, over 21 years old. The National Assembly creates laws, which are later approved by the Emir. There are 16 cabinet ministers, who are also to attend the National Assembly. The National Assembly is selected for four years. Moreover, the Emir has the constitutional right to dissolve it (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). However, the National Assembly has the right to reject the selection of the royal family concerning the crown prince and offer three different candidates from the direct descendant of the Emir (Cleveland 2000). There are several political parties in the Kuwaiti government: Islamic Salafi Alliance, the Islamic Constitutional Movement, National Islamic Alliance, Popular Action Bloc, National Democratic Alliance and Justice and Peace Alliance in particular (Cleveland 2000). The Emir is the person responsible for the assigning of the judges to courts. This is done together with the Ministry of Justice. It is known that Kuwait does not accept International Court of Justice jurisdiction (Cleveland, 2000). Despite the fact that Kuwait is the most moderate and liberal society in the region, the country is still seen as conservative from the Western perspective. Approximately 30% of Kuwait population are discriminated. The discriminations are usually based on the religion. In fact, Sunni government creates many barriers for Shia people. It concerns additional checking at the airports, freedom of speech towards Sunni, deficiency of Shia court of appeal, limitation of Shia political advertising. Durin g the last six years, National Assembly was disbanded 5 times. The last time it happened on the 20th of June 2012 (Sadek 2013). Actually, every new National Assembly questions the members of the royal family for corruption. However, the Al Sabah family is very strong, that is why the outcome is obvious (Cleveland 2000). Economic factors show how the business operates and makes decisions. Kuwait has a relatively small, wealthy, and open economy. The major source of profit is crude oil. The oil makes approximately 95% of country export and Kuwaiti government profit. Kuwait is geographically small as the country, but it has 9% of the global oil deposits. It holds the 5th place in Organization for Petrol Exporting Countries (OPEC). Kuwaiti GDP was more than $ 200bln in 2010. The GDP is 55% thanks to the oil sector, private sector encompasses 34,8%, transportation and communication makes 15,2%, financial sector encompasses 25,5%, and manufacturing makes 9,7% (World Bank Development Indicators 2008). In 2010, Kuwaiti government took two initiatives in order to provide higher diversification of the economy. The first one allows selling government property to private investors, and the second one provides $130bln of the monetary package, which has to be spent during five years in order to boost the foreign direct investments and private sector participation in the economy. Kuwait imports mainly from the US and the UAE. The top priority products the country has to buy abroad are food and beverages, construction materials, products of automotive industries and clothing. The general volume of Kuwaiti export was close to $ 22 billion in 2011 (Kurt 2003). Social factors affect the demand for various products and the way any company operates. In Kuwait live 2.7 million people: 1.3 million of non-Kuwaiti citizens and additional 900 thousands temporary together with those who have invalid visas. 85% of people are Muslim, the rest are Hindu, Christian, Parsi etc (Kjeilen 2013). Arabic is the major language; however, the English language is widely used. It is obvious that women in Kuwait do not enjoy the similar level of freedom as women in the western World, but still they are more powerful than in some radically Islamic countries, such as Saudi Arabia. In fact, women have the right to own property, to drive a car, to move within the country and abroad, to be elected, to vote, and to work. Approximately 70% of Kuwaiti students are actually female (Kjeilen 2013). According to Hofstede dimensions (Appendix A), Kuwait has a very high number for power distance, as it prefers centralized organizational structure; the ideal boss for Kuwaitis is autocrat. The second parameter, which stands for individualism and is quite low, means that Kuwait is a collectivistic community. It practically shows that various personal, inner-group relationships are believed to be more important than the law (Myers Tan 2002). All employee-employer relations are affected by personal connections. The third parameter that stands for masculinity versus femininity is more low than high. The society is relatively feminine, which is shown in situations as conflict resolution by negotiations and compromises, and the focus on well-being (Myers Tan 2002). The last parameter stands for uncertainty avoidance, and it is high. The main motivator for people to work is the fact that security and innovations may be resisted. There is no data provided for the parameter of long term orientation (Kuwait 2013). Technologic factors identify the barriers to entry, and minimum efficient production level. Kuwait almost does not produce any high-technological solutions. Moreover, there are no renewable energy sources in use (Anandarajan, Igbaria Anakwe 2002). Nevertheless, there is some movement towards high technology evolvement. The 21st century depicted a high growth in the Internet usage, in the Middle East Kuwait in particular. The growth is substantial in the Gulf Cooperation Council (Loch, Straub Kamel 2003). The Internet penetration has increase by 300% in Kuwait between 2000 and 2005 (Rouibah Hamdy 2009). Legal factors can affect the way a company operates, the costs and the demand for its products. Kuwait is a member of GCC custom union. That practically means that all of the products manufactured in those countries can work more freely across borders. In fact, the custom union will take such goods as if they have been produced in GCC only if 40% of product value has been subjoined in these countries and if GCC citizens own 51% of the company capital (Cleveland 2000). Kuwaiti legislation requires presence of local agents, distributors within the country. The licenses for import from Ministry of Commerce are valid for one year. They are renewable and allow multiple shipments. Only the local agent is able to get goods at the custom by presenting a letter of representation (Sambidge 2012). Kuwait has extremely warm tax environment for doing business. Corporate income tax is applied only to foreign entities carrying on trade or business. Tax rate of 15 % is applied to the following incom es – royalties, franchise, license, trademark, patent, and copyright fees received by foreign entities from Kuwait. Environmental factors may especially affect industries such as farming, insurance, and tourism. Kuwait is a country with a desert climate. Such type of the climate is famous for its aridity and hotness. It is possible to distinguish four seasons. Summer is extremely hot, autumn is quite warm with numerous thunderstorms, winter is relatively cool with frequent fogs, and spring is warm with thunderstorms, heavy rains, and cool winds (Kurt 2003). Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Porter’s five forces analysis is a special framework for industry analysis and strategy evolvement. It encompasses five factors, including treat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, availability of substitutes and competitive rivalry. This analysis does more than just observing the direct competitors of a particular company. Such an analysis looks at various sides of the industry’s economic profile and environment together with the competitive structure. The idea is to observe each of these aspects and estimate the degree to which they raise the level of the competition in the industry. If the forces analysed are strong, they will raise the competition level in the industry, whereas if the forces are weak, they will decrease it. The competitive environment of an industry has a strong influence on the activity of businesses within that particular industry. Porter’s five forces define whether the industry is appealing or not from the view point of a company competing in the particular industry. Moreover, the appealing industry is the one, which provides the facilities for profitability (Peng 2009). The degree of rivalry. The degree and intensity of rivalry is the most obvious force out of five. It helps to define the measure to which the value created by the industry will be dispelled through head-to-head competition. The industry’s intensity of rivalry among competitors is medium. It is due to the fact that industry has numerous, equally balanced competitors, including Mamar General Trade Cont Co, Godiva, Alkazemi Food Industries, Al Ammed Coffe Chocolate and others (Chocolates in Kuwait 2013). In fact, the competition is tougher with the already established players. This factor is decreasing the intensity in the particular force. The industry is slowly growing. It has huge storage and fixed costs, and has low exit barriers. Moreover, there is a high scope for growth, which is aided by rising population and disposable income. All of these conditions create price wars, while advertising new product lines, and higher quality of customer service in the industry (Peng 2009) . The threat of entry. In this case, the threat of new entrants is low. Both future and already existing competitors affect general industry profitability. It is known that the threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. According to Kuwaiti Commercial Law 68 of 1980, no foreign company cant establish a branch or do any commercial activity in the country if not doing it through the local distributor or agent. There is a rising demand for the chocolate products due to the rising population. The industry is characterized by the highly regulated markets and limited pricing power. These factors are decreasing the intensity of the force. Nevertheless, the financing options are easy. Such factors as the existence of economies of scale, the difference in products, the need for large capital requirements, the existence of switching costs, the lack of access to distribution channels, and the regulations that are in place for the food manufactures create the basis for t he low treat of new entrants. In addition, the brand name is well-known and the initial capital investment is high (About us 2013). A low threat of new entrants proves that the industry is more appealing and raises the profit facility for the companies, which are already competing within that industry (Peng 2009). Barging power of buyers. The bargaining power of buyers is medium. However, it is raised by two aspects: a number of large volume purchasers on the one hand and the general purchasers’ low profits from the product on the other hand. There is also the lack of backward integration and the firmness on the industry’s product (Wilkinson 2013). Such factor as highly differentiated offerings increases the intensity of the force. Nevertheless, there are very few players in a particular food segment, and such fact decreases the intensity of the force. Finally, there is a highly regulated pricing system, which definitely increases the bargaining power of buyers (Who we are 2013). Bargaining power of suppliers. The bargaining power of suppliers is decreased as the industry is an important customer of the supplier group, and suppliers do not pose a threat on forwarding integration. Nevertheless, the bargaining power of suppliers is high. There are no substitute products. In addition, the supplier’s product is of high importance to the industry (Wilkinson 2013). Food prices largely depend on global prices as the region imports most of its food requirements. There is the low supplier concentration. In addition, the adverse input price fluctuation might cut profitability. All these three factors decrease the intensity of a particular force. They also depict the decrease of intensity of a particular force. As the substitute products are almost not available in the marketplace, the supplier’s barging power is high (Peng 2009). Threat of substitute products and services. The level of treat of substitutes is low due to the fact that industry is dominated by large companies, having diversified offerings, which helps it to be less elastic to various price alterations. Moreover, large companies enjoy economies of scale. The consumer change-over costs are high. In addition, substitute products are more expensive than the industry products, and the quality together with the performance of the substitute product is beneath the industry’s product quality. This definitely makes the industry more appealing and raises the profit facility for the companies in the industry, while high treat of substitute products makes it less appealing and decreases the profit facility (Wilkinson 2013). Mode of Entry The selection of an institutional arrangement, meaning the mode for entering or expanding in a foreign market is one of the most important strategic decisions that an international firm has to make. A well-selected mode can provide the possibility for a company to receive competitive advantage (Osland, Taylor Zou 2001). The four main alternatives are exporting, joint venture, licensing (franchising), and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Butlers Chocolates has entered London, England, and the U.S. with the help of joint ventures (Butlers Chocolates enters the UK and IS markets 2009). Joint venture might be in favour due to several reasons: First of all, the risk is shared by each partner. Secondly, it allows having the control of the market with resource commitment (Rogmans 2013). Thirdly, it makes the adaptation and the standardization strategy to the local market easier. The company will be able to benefit from the local partner, as the knowledge will be shared. Joint venture is favourable when the partner’s strategic goals converge, the competitive goals diverge, and partners are able to learn from each other while limiting access to their own proprietary skills (Foley 1999). live CHAT Franchising system supplies with longer agreements and the franchisor provides a wider package of resources and rights. Such package usually encompasses the equipment, managerial systems, initial trainings, operational manual, site approval, and all support necessary for the franchisee to turn the business in the same direction it is done by the franchisor. Moreover, franchising is limited to trademark and operating know-how of the business (Rogmans 2013). Such entry of mode has numerous advantages: First of all, it faces low political risk. Secondly, the general costs are low. Thirdly, it allows conjoined proliferation into various regions around the globe. Finally, well chosen partners bring managerial capabilities as well as financial investment to the operation. Nevertheless, there are also several disadvantages of the international franchising mode. In fact, franchisees may turn into future competitors (Rogmans 2013). Their demand may be scarce at the beginning of a franchise company, which can lead to making agreements with the candidates. This will ruin the company’s name and reputation in the market (Loch 2001). Finally, franchising requires a higher financial investment to attract prospects and support and manage franchisees (Sherman 2004). In 2006, Butlers Chocolates tried to set-a-going of the Butlers Chocolate Cafà © concept on the international level. They planned to do that by well-motivated and capable franchisees. The company believes that this is a perfect method to show Butlers Chocolates to a wider audience (Hoy Stanworth 2013). It allows combining the expertise and the local knowledge of franchisees based on the broader audience. This will ensure the maintenance of the products and service quality. There will be no r estrictions on location. In fact, Butlers Chocolates are committed to continue the roll-out of international franchise operations (Franchising 2013). They propose a franchisee to deal with one and only store franchise. In particular cases, they provide the right to enter into an Area Development Agreement (Butlers Chocolate Cafà © Limited 2013). Practically, these two entries of mode are to be chosen while introducing and expanding the company in Kuwait (Streib 2007). Two strategic rules might be used by Butlers Chocolates while entering a foreign market First of all, they should operate the business through joint venture by searching a popular an enriched local firm if there is a need to consider economic scale, politics and culture differences. Secondly, if the company wants to start with a low commitment entry mode, it is better to apply franchising, which will allow to move to a great level of ownership and controls as they develop the requisite local knowledge.