Global economic meltdown

First of all we have to cognize about what is MELTDOWN?So if we are speaking about meltdown so we can state it ‘s an economic crisis. In a simple manner we can specify that meltdown is – A DECLINE OR A BREAKDOWN IN A SITUATION OR CONDITION. Global economic meltdown has affected about all states. Strongest of America, European and Nipponese companies are confronting crisis of liquidness and recognition. The planetary economic recession has taken its toll on Indian economic system and because of this it leads to multicrore loss in Indian concern and export orders, 10s of 1000s of occupation losingss particularly in cardinal sectors like the IT, automobiles, industry and export oriented houses. We can state recession is the consequence of decrease in the demand of merchandises in the planetary market. Besides we can state it associates with falling monetary values known as deflation due to miss of demand of merchandise. Recession in US is really bad intelligence for our state because our companies in India have most outsourcing trades from the US. There is besides a diminution in the employment market due to recession in the West. Some companies have laid off their employees and there have been cut in publicities, compensation and fringe benefits of the employee. During recession all companies whether a private sector or authorities sector are hesitating to take up new undertakings and they want to work on bing so recession is really bad for our state.From where recession came in India: –America is most affected state due to planetary recession which comes as a bad intelligence for India, because India have most out sourcing trades from the US. So, the decision is from US recession semen in India. India has been fighting about the impact of US meltdown its economic system and jutting growing rate. Signals of the lag in US economic system are most seeable in the existent estate sector where monetary values have corrected by 15-20 % . In India other sectors have besides started experiencing the lag in economic system. Sectors of Indian economic system chiefly IT affected by the US lag because of its export oriented nature. As we know recession is decrease in demand for goods and services in economic system and so it will turn in to diminish in production, lay-offs and a crisp rise in unemployment. The recent meltdown in US market due to the subprime crisis has a great impact on Indian corporate sector. The unemployment rate in US stood at 6.5 % in 2008. India is a underdeveloped state and US is the biggest consumer of goods produced by developing states and as the ingestion degree in US economic system is traveling down due to recession so the demand of good produced by these states is besides diminishing so it is besides a ground of recession in India which comes from US.Economic meltdown and environment: –First of all what is relation between economic meltdown and environment sustainability?Economic meltdown can adversely impact our environment because with the present economic down bend, many states including India are now more concerned with bracing their economic systems and for this a good extent involves addition usage of natural resources to increase production and market. Therefore the consequence is more natural resources would be used further consuming the extremely lessened planetary resource base. It means every state uses more oil to mine and it reduces the already vanishing planetary oil militias. More fossil fuel might be burnt by industries increasing planetary heating. More sea nutrient would be exported. More of the forest would be cleared for cultivation which is already in fewer sums. All we know recession lessening the fiscal power of the people and so they are bound to do a sudden attack on what is available and low-cost and that would be nil other than the natural resources, so if great attention is non taken by authorities & A ; all so that twenty-four hours is non excessively far when economic meltdown would interpret into a serious environmental meltdown.What we can make to get the better of this: –1. We can promote the people to utilize recycle rules. 2. Concerted attempts should be made by everyone to encompass green life. 3. Policies should be enacted and implemented to guarantee that industries comply with environmental Torahs. 4. Peoples should be encouraged to populate viridity. 5. Governments, NGOs and other administrations should draw resources together and happen permanent solution to the meltdown.Cause of recession: –The chief cause of recession is incensement of monetary value it means harmonizing to demand and supply theory when monetary value of the good additions demand of the good lessenings but in another manner when monetary value of the good additions so supply of the good besides increases. So, the state of affairs at which supply is more than demand is called recession that ‘s why monetary value increasement is one of the chief cause of recession – When a concern adult male invested severely so it do recession. – One of the chief causes of recession is besides globalization. – Medium is besides responsible for recession because every clip they assisting to perpetuate this crisis and state â€Å" fiscal crisis † a concern closes its door someplace. – One of the of import grounds of recession is all large disbursement on easy recognition during good twelvemonth. – Recession is besides caused by stock market clangs.Consequence of recession on Indian economic system: –As we feel the clefts in the face of an temblor so we can state the clefts are besides seeable during recession, when the markets are wholly disrupted the consequence shows. The worst consequence of recession on Indian economic system is unemployment and it is the greatest fright of any adult male that how will he feed his household now? When recession came here the female employees foremost feel the air currents of alteration, as they are more capable of being wounded physically or mentally. They know that they will be suspended from work temporarily or for good. Females who are working as a receptionist, public dealingss & A ; communications, making uneven occupations in the office are picked out when recession came in India. Due to recession exports for January 2009 has declined by 22 % . Companies in the private sector and authorities sector are non taking new undertakings because of recession. Some industries which are most affected by recession were air hoses, hotels, existent estate, beside this Indian exports besides suffered a problem and there was besides a large problem in the production of export-oriented sectors because of recession. Due to this authorities advised these sectors to cut down monetary value. Because of recession industrial production and fabrication end product decreases to 5 % in the last one-fourth of 2008-09. Decrease in demand in the US affected our IT and BPO ( concern procedure outsourcing ) sector and it losingss the chances for immature individual. The celebrated IT sector of India which earned about $ 50 billion as one-year gross is expected to fall by 50 % of its entire grosss. Now it has been estimated that cut down in demand for exports would ensue in the loss of 10 million occupations in the export sector entirely.Consequence of recession on Indian stock market: –Consequence of recession on public sector Bankss: –Due to recession populace sector bank announced to supply place loans at reduced rates to increase demand in retail lodging sector. 1. Loans up to 5 hundred thousands maximal involvement rate fixed at 8.5 % . 2. Loans from 5 to 20 hundred thousand, maximal involvement rate 9.25 % . 3. In instance of pre-payment no punishment to be charged. 4. Free life insurance screen for full outstanding sum. 5. No processing charges on borrowers it means those people who are taking loans. It means a individual can acquire a loan up to 90 % of the value of the house. These lodging bundles will besides give a stimulation it means work like an inducement for other sectors like steel, cement etc.Consequence of recession on fabric industries: –Due to recession orders are worsening from the universe ‘s largest market the United States, the fabric sector of India has been besides affected earnestly. Fabric industry is the 2nd largest employer in India after agribusiness. It generates occupation chances about for 33.17 million workers straight and 54.85 million workers indirectly, but due to recession industry analyst predict that by the terminal of April 2009, about half a million direct workers from fabric, garment and handcraft sectors will lose their occupations. The garments manufactured in India about 60 % are exported to foreign market like United State, EU, and Japan and it generate gross US $ 52 billion, but due to economic meltdown in US & A ; EU it affect textile concern in India and during 2008 the entire end product of fabric sector came down by 10 % . Many export orders are acquiring cancelled.Consequence of recession on Indian agribusiness sector: –Indian agribusiness sector has non affected by planetary economic crisis except some export oriented merchandises. As we know 60-65 % population of India depends on agribusiness and the agribusiness sector of state will salvage the India from the immense impact of the planetary economic recession. This clip agribusiness is the key for Indian growing in this hard clip.Consequence of recession on person ‘s life of different companies: –On Satyam: –Satyam kept about 5000 employees on practical bench and those employees will non acquire full wages, 50-60 % of wages may be cut and figure of working yearss is reduced. Some people may be put on preparation and the wage paid is merely 25 % . So practical bench is partial ballad off, it is a cost film editing method because employees are the biggest cost for an IT company.On Wipro: –Wipro is the figure three Indian package services exporter, and due to recession Wipro consequences fail to fit outlooks. Indian IT outsourcing company Wipro is seeing a few clients because of less demand of the merchandise at the clip of recession. Company beginnings reveal that a figure of employees have been put under the monolithic layoffs status. Wipro senior concern adviser Pavan vyas said, the recession has challenged the manner of company. The company ‘s equal it means ability have besides been affected by the recession. So we can state US recession will surely impact the Indian IT sector.On Kotak Mahindra: –At the clip of recession international finance corp. ( IFC ) a World Bank group member, will give trade funding of $ 51 million to kotak Mahindra bank to help little and average endeavors hit by recession. The main economic expert of the international monitory fund Olivier Blanchard and several IMF economic experts have proposed that authorities should offer RECESSION INSURANCE. Companies and persons would purchase insurance policies, pay a regular premium for them and have a benefit if some step of the economic system like GDP growing, dropped below a specified degree. And recession insurance might assist relieve the economic crisis by cut downing uncertainness. Furthermore, recession insurance might, in contrast to financial policy, enforce no cost on the authorities, for it stimulates assurance, so the hazard being insured against it prevented. The authorities ‘s ability to offer such insurance on a scale sufficient to do it costless is one ground to favor a public strategy over private insurance company. Blanchard and his co-workers point out that Bankss might conditions loans to houses on their purchase of recession insurance, which might assist recognition markets function better, turn toing a serious job underlying the current crisis. So at the clip of recession kotak Mahindra bank do committedness with IFC to assist concern in India. This is the first bank IFC has supported in trade finance in India under its planetary trade finance programme.On TATA: –TATA is besides affected by it, recession hit wages gaining possible down, consumer capacity to purchase a auto it means consumer does non desire to take hazard and pass their money on the merchandise at the clip of recession so it affect the place of the company. Indian outsourcing provider TATA consultancy services ( TCS ) saw that their gross revenues decelerate and net incomes stagnate during its last one-fourth. Many outsourcing in India have been hit by the planetary slack in fiscal services and the state of affairs is set to decline as western economic systems spiral into recession. For the one-fourth ended 30th September 2008 TATA saw gross revenues increase about 15 % and for the same one-fourth last twelvemonth the house saw gross revenues growing of around 45 % so we can state TATA is besides affected by recession severely.On Maruti Udyog Limited ( MUL ) : –At the clip of recession Maruti zooms to rural market for gross revenues. We all are cognizant about it that planetary meltdown has surely hit the Indian auto industry hard as the figures prove the industry posted a growing rate of 11 % from April to October 2007 which has fallen to merely 3 % in 2008, why ; because of recession. Gross saless of little autos has besides decreased in the face of the recognition squeezing and to counterbalance the loss Maruti now plan to tap the rural market 60 % of which runs on hard currency. They launched a new theoretical account in Ludhiana at the clip of recession to convey some exhilaration into the market and they observe that the Indian rural market has a batch potency. At the terminal of 2008 the top functionary of Maruti udyog limited company says that recession has no impact on Suzuki. Katsumi Takata pull offing manager of Nipponese two-wheeled elephantine Suzuki says that recession has non affected us during the launch of their ace motorcycle Hayabusa. He said may be recession get downing, may be from the last month, may be this tendency continues for a piece but so far we are concerned, we are still turning. Every month we are traveling up.Consequence of monetary value on FOOD during recession: –Even as the universe is fighting to contend planetary market meltdown with companies plundering employees and industries scaling down production but the universe besides have to undertake nutrient deficit and surging monetary values in the approaching yearss. Harmonizing to united state Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) the current fiscal crisis will adversely impact agribusiness sectors in many states including India. This warning is issued by the FAO despite anticipations that universe cereal production is set to hit a new record of some 2.24 billion metric tons in 2008/2009. Again, planetary rice production is besides expected at 450 million metric tons during the same period. Still, this twelvemonth ‘s record cereal crop and the recent autumn in nutrient monetary values should non make a false sense of security. If the current monetary value volatility and liquidness conditions prevail in 2008/09, plantings and end product could be affected to such an extent that a new monetary value rush might take topographic point in 2009/10, unleashing even more terrible nutrient crises than those experient late. The study besides noted that most of the recovery in cereal production took topographic point in developed states, where husbandmans were in a better place to react to high monetary values. In contrast, developing states were mostly limited in their capacity to react to high monetary values by supply side restraints on their agricultural sectors. The FAO study farther noted that universe agribusiness was confronting serious long-run issues and challenges that need to be desperately addressed. These include land and H2O restraints, low investings in rural substructure and agricultural research, expensive agricultural inputs comparative to farm-gate monetary values and small version to climate alteration.Consequence on advertisement spends during recession: –* FOR SOME, its half glass empty. For the remainder, its likely half full. So how does this recession hit the Indian online media infinite? Nowadays, trade names are looking for more advanced ways to pull clients – whether be it increasing trade name consciousness, geting users, advancing new merchandises or merely tapping into a new section. India being the biggest untapped and fastest turning on-line market in the universe – trade names are more than happy to research this infinite and utilize their money intelligently. * The Indian online infinite is dining with new and advanced websites/portals. Which was the last ad you saw while you were surfing the Internet? With the rise of societal networking and its habit-forming range – we ‘ve seen all genres of ads splashed online. The first clip I heard about the film ‘Rock On ‘ was via Bigadda.com – would you believe it! Even production houses are utilizing on-line media to make its audiences as opposed to the obvious medium of pick – the telecasting. With e-papers, e-bills, e-banking, on-line articles, intelligence, picture, music etc – everything can be accessed through the Internet. So why should advertizers remain off? * Trade names do non look to be cut downing their advertisement investing ; alternatively they are puting money in the right media vehicles. They are weighing all the options and maximizing returns. With the Indian Web infinite boxing a mix of both online and offline advertisement solutions, trade names want every penny ‘s worth at this clip of recession. * At this clip of seamless engineering, GPRS, 3G and state-of-the-art Mobile phone – the nomadic WAP infinite is a front smuggler for advertizers in footings of media vehicles. * Recession has decidedly forced advertizers to believe – to believe about more cheaper and effectual advertisement options.How we can undertake or command the planetary recession?As we know IT industries, fiscal sectors, existent estate proprietors, auto industry, investing banking and other industries as good are facing heavy loss due to the autumn down of planetary economic system. Federation of Indian Chamberss of Commerce and Industry ( FICCI ) found that faced with the planetary recession, stock lists industries like garment, treasures, fabrics, chemicals and jewelry had cut production by 10 per cent to 50 per cent â€Å" Our economic system is shriveling, unemployment axial rotations are turning, concerns and households ca n't acquire recognition and little concerns ca n't procure the loans they need to make occupations and acquire their merchandises to market, † Obama said. So undermentioned steps we can follow to command recession- * Tax cuts are by and large the first measure any authorities takes during slack. * Government should boost its disbursement to make more occupations and hike the fabrication sectors in the state. * Government should seek to increase the export against the initial export. * The manner out for builders is to cut down the unrealistic monetary values of belongings to convey back the purchasers into the market. And therefore raise fundss for the uncomplete undertakings that they are developing. * The falling rupees against the dollar will convey a encouragement in the export industry. Though the purchasers in the West might go scarce. * The oil monetary values diminution will besides hold a positive impact on the importers * Home & gt ; Technology & gt ; ArticleBenefit of recession: –The â€Å" occupation † of a recession is to clean the â€Å" fat † out of the system, wipe up up surplus, and pave the manner for the following enlargement. Until that procedure is complete, there is n't much from which a legitimate enlargement can originate. Recessions put weak companies out of concern. In so making, sdeployed more expeditiously elsewhere. For illustration, Wall Street analysts who touted belly-up Internet stocks are redeployed at local fast nutrient eating houses to function people in a capacity for which they are much better suited. Stronger concerns that have used the contraction to tauten up their underside lines and turn more efficient are able to take advantage of these resources during the resulting enlargement. The economic system emerges from a recession leaner, more efficient and in good form for the following moving ridge of growing and advancement.

Hellenistic Art Essay

During the campaign of Alexander the Great as the greatest conqueror of his time, his father, Philip of Macedon tried to unite the Greek city-states. During this time, Hellenistic period was born creating a major advancement on their art. It was also in this period, that a global battle in commerce and cultural influences which are apparently dominated by the Greeks. The Greek Hellenistic period span from 323 B. C. up to the Battle of Actio in 31 B. C. The Hellenistic period paved the way to many transformations of Greek art. Though the Classical concepts in art were not thoroughly abandoned, the birth of the Hellenistic period made the artists create different and unique art concepts. The artists during this time explored and manipulated their imagination on their subject. It was also during this period that higher degree of Naturalism took place as a logical conclusion to great sculptors like Praxitelis and Lysipos whose works demanded for the art representation of the human figure. In a Greek art (Boy Jockey), the bold expression of energy and power during great pressure was represented. The change of focus of the Hellenistic art from religious and naturalistic ideas and concepts to human expressions, psychological concern and theatrical background, paved the way to the sculptures that includes the natural physical surroundings with creative landscaping and theatrical groupings. The Nike of Samothrace is a sculpture that embraced the true meaning and understood the world through the application of certain techniques and aesthetic conventions. The winged goddess with her outstretched wings gracefully prevents the stone from falling due to gravity. The sculpture also represented the physical human presence and the external force within it. The representation evidently speaks for the Greeks acceptance of the physical power of human being and all other external forces acting on it. The Hellenistic art in sculpture also represents human condition, state of mind and inconsequential moments of life. It is represented through sculpture like a sleepy satyr, an old woman, a twist of torso and the swing of Aphrodite’s sandal. The statue of the beautiful Venus was contrasted by the monstrous appearance of Pan who happens to seduce her as she attempts to repel him with her smile. During this period, the statues of Aphrodite, Eros, Dionysius, Pan and Hermaphrodites were manipulated in styles and configurations to give way to the theme of eroticism. In order to represent the unique physical beauty of women and the Greek world, statues of female nudes gain popularity. The statues of Venus in various orientations and poses were created and displayed in halls of many museums i around the world. Among the greatest work that personifies beauty is the sculpture of Venus de Milo. Many Hellenistic sculptors were not contented in depicting the true physical appearance of their subject. They included some variation through express the inner world. These variations were characterized through the depiction of physical characteristics that deceived inner feelings and thoughts. The most important work considered during that time is the statue of Hygea which combined the concepts of Classical Greek art in its refinement and Hellenistic aesthetic ideals on its facial expression of concern to the previous condition that existed before her. Works Cited â€Å"Art of Ancient Greece. † Museum Quality. 29 April 2009 http://www. huntfor. com/arthistory/ancient/anc_greek. htm Green, Peter. Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age. Orion Publishing Group Limited, 2008.

A short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A short story - Essay Example Nobody took Professor X’s effort seriously dismissing that the Professor has been chasing a pipe dream of looking for something that does not exist. A wasted genius they say. But still, Professor X continued beaming his signals into the outer space. Then suddenly, a response. Professor X was ecstatic, he himself cannot believe that his radio transmission were returned. For the first time in the history of science, a contact was made with an intelligent creature light years away. Through the help of a team of expert of linguists, Professor X’s team were able to understand the language of the alien. The creature’s name was Apex. He was a male and an astronaut from the Planet Gaul of the Lunar System Ephsus who just like Professor X, has also been scouring through the stars for a possible contact with an intelligent being. They are as excited to have made a contact from another planet just as the people of the Earth. After months of exchanges of information about each other’s planet and civilization, it was finally decided that an official meet up and physical contact should be made. Earth does not have the technology yet to visit Planet Gaul so it was agreed that it will be Apex’s team who would be visiting the Earth. According to Professor X’s estimate, the aliens will be arriving on earth six months from now. Necessary preparations were made for the arrival of Apex’s party. All honors were conferred to Professor X who rose to sudden popularity due to his recent contact with an extra terrestrial being. He also received unlimited funding from the United Nation’s for his research and was made in-charge of the receiving party since it was only Professor X who was privy in communicating with Apex’s party. The day arrived. Apex made an excited announcement that his ship has already landed in the designated landing field which Dr. X prepared for Apex’s arrival. Yet Dr. X cannot find the ship. He asked for

Legal Mari Guiana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Mari Guiana - Essay Example On the other hand, some states such as California, Hawaii, Washington and New Jersey among others have passed laws to allow for the citizens to grow and use marijuana for medical purposes. Countries such as Mexico, Uruguay, Netherlands and Argentina among others have partially legalized the use of Marijuana whereby citizens are allowed to consume and possess certain amounts of the drug for recreational purposes (Bakalar, 2007). This paper is a critical evaluation of why or why not marijuana should be legalized. Marijuana should be legalized as a way of creating revenues for the government, in terms of taxation. Failing to do so encourages illegal trade whereby scrupulous dealers form organizations, through which the product is traded in secrecy and in high prices. These illegal drug dealers continue to enrich themselves and this motivates them and makes it affordable for them to operate and finance other illegal businesses such as gun trade, human trafficking among others, which include criminal activities such as gang violence. Critics in this debate may have forgotten the impact the ban on alcohol sale and use in the US in the 1920s had on the society but it may be important to remind them that it resulted to widespread illegal trade of the product and the emergence of powerful groups, mafia, which took advantage of the inability of the government to enforce the law (Rosenthal, 2003). In fact, it is believed that this formed the basis of the formation of drug lordship in the country as t hese cartels had already been accustomed to the lucrative trade and hence had to venture into other similar businesses once the ban was lifted and alcohol became accessible in the general market. In this context, criminal gangs compete over markets whereby one gang claims ownership of a certain territory and whenever any other gang member crosses this territory in search of customers, violence erupts leading to

Business Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business Studies - Essay Example Teamwork, time management, personal organization, among others are examples of transferable skills. These activities may be a particular initiative in school, corporate leadership, volunteerism, supervisor ship, among others. A good work skill needed in my business career may include change in managerial technique and adoption of information technology in business management. A transferable skill in my business career would be ability to communicate effectively with managers and subordinates at workplace. Transferrable skills such as effective communication may be used professionally when communicating with customers. Transferrable skills are crucial for success in today’s world where competition is high and establishing professional niche is challenging. In addition, these skills are good as they are applicable from job to job. It is worthwhile noting that job related skills are unique (Â  Rothwell 323). More importantly, work related skills are unique to a particular work environment. However, it is imperative to integrate job related and work content skills in order to achieve more synergistic approach to

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Religion - Essay Example The idealized, spiritualized essence of God can be comprehended only by refined minds, bent on spiritualism, and only after sustained effort. To the vast majority of mankind, the visible manifestation of God goes a long way towards focusing the inner mind and thoughts on Divinity. This initial, primitive belief that God is only present in that particular picture, or only in that particular form, can, with spiritual growth, metamorphose into the realization that God is an all-pervading, formless entity. Visible forms can be justified as symbolic, spiritual aids to the realization of God. One of the basic tenets of Christianity is the belief that God sent his only son, Jesus Christ, to earth, as the Redeemer to deliver sinful humanity from eternal damnation. Jesus took upon himself the collective sins of humanity and accepted his martyrdom on the cross as the expiation of these sins. This belief probably arises from the primitive belief that the deities must be placated through sacrifice, and the shedding of blood is a prerequisite for absolution. This sacrificial offering, be it the ox of the ancient Romans, or the lamb of the Jews, must be the purest and most perfect to serve the purpose. In this context, the pure, sinless Jesus constitutes the perfect sacrifice in the eyes of God. This ‘substitution theory,’ according to which Jesus’ vicarious punishment redeemed humanity, has a major flaw. If one concedes that Jesus’ punishment has indeed absolved humanity from sin, does it follow that man is now free to sin without having to face the c onsequences of his actions? If Jesus has obtained a prior, blanket absolution for all sinners, this is something in the light of a ‘license to sin’ with impunity. This poses a problem to the acceptance of the substitution theory. The word ‘Christ’ means the ‘Anointed One,’ or the

Poetry Explication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Poetry Explication - Essay Example The fact that it is "smudged" and written in "erasable ink" (2) says a good deal about the students feelings on the topic. The confession, of course, is the students desire to be effortlessly beautiful, and the poem makes us complicit in this confession, asking "isnt it strange / how we want it, despite all we know?" (3-4). Here the sense is one of compassion for the student, and also a vague sense of embarrassment to be caught in the same trap of wanting beauty even while knowing that it is not that easy or important, or even realistic. The imagery used while comparing the narrators daily life to the photos of models builds on this idea, making it clear that the photos are fantasies through descriptions of models as "cobalt-eyed, hair puddling / like cognac" (5-6), or in one case as "curved and light-drenched, more like a beach / than the beach" (7-8). Through these images, the ideal of beauty is shown to be completely unrealistic, and removed from any sort of achievable goal, while at the same time also being something that is just naturally desirable. The poem asks us who has not wanted to be beautiful, and shows us why we want to, at the same time. This is compared to the boring, every-day, and cheap life of the narrators reality. For instance, now her daydreams are limited to seeing a magazine "in the checkout line" (11), which nonetheless inspires in her "the old pull, flare / of the pilgrims twin flames, desire and faith (13-14). Here, the poem compares fashion magazines to religion, which inspire readers to believe in them and want what they show, even though the narrator should know better. The narrators childhood is presented similarly, how she went "from store to store" (15) buying "polyester satin, / machine-made lace, petunia- and Easter egg-colored" (16-17). The cheapness of the materials she can afford is contrasted to the fancy clothing of the models in the photos she admired, described as an "angel inside

Two Author Response Letter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Author Response Letter - Research Paper Example Bacevich adds that the draft creates a division between the rich and the poor, and since the last draft allowed higher class citizens to receive letters that exempt them from military service as noted by an anonymous New York Times editorial, this is a legitimate concern for lower class families who have seen what the loss of family members is like in past wars that are not easily forgotten even after decades. Bacevich has argued that the draft is necessary because the relationship between American families and the military is so estranged that the option for voluntary military service will generate shortages in the military from now on. However, there are other ways that the government could enlist the help of American citizens without requiring military service. Other service industries, such as AmeriCorps could be considered for enlisting the help of American Citizens. This would prompt more adults to join, since much of the work would be completed domestically. This would also en able more women to help, and encourage families to volunteer together. This would also satisfy military leaders, because it would leave the military to highly skilled soldiers and training and free up those soldiers for more appropriate military responsibilities. Another argument Bacevich provides in support of the reinstatement of the draft, stating that a reinstatement of the draft would give the power back to the people about where and why the U.S. goes to war. However, the anonymous New York Times editorial argues that it’s too late for the people to hope to gain back power over the military movements of the U.S., even with the reinstatement of the draft. The amount of legislation it would take to revert power back to the people makes it improbable that such a drastic change would be made, especially with the opposition that would exist in Congress and the White House. In conclusion, the reinstatement of the draft would alienate American households from the military and t he government by creating a feeling of mistrust and injustice from the lower class families who are sending their children and fathers into direct danger. Secondly, the shortages in the military can be amended by creating more positive relationships between the military and American families. This can be achieved by giving Americans a sense that their views on where and why war should be engaged are respected by the government. Also, the production of other types of American organizations designed to alleviate the domestic workload of the military could be offered to give citizens the opportunity to serve their country domestically. These steps would generate a higher popularity for the military with the citizens and allow the government to restore faith to the people. The reaction would probably generate a higher amount of volunteers for military service and effectively eliminate the problem that prompted you to send the bill proposal in the first place. I appreciate your time and would like to hear your plans for addressing this matter in the near future. Sincerely, Anonymous. (2006). Rejecting the draft. The New York Times. Retrieved on October 14, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/opinion/21tue1.html Bacevich, A. (2007). The failure of an

Philosophy of Morality by David Hume Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy of Morality by David Hume - Essay Example The present research has identified that according to Hume, we naturally approve of actions and qualities which we find either immediately agreeable or useful. Wit and eloquence are examples of the former; industry and honesty are examples of the latter. Although these sentiments of approbation and blame arise internally; they are by no means primarily self-centered or relative to each individual. Hume avoids these pitfalls by suggesting that human beings possess a general feeling of sympathy. Not to be confused with universal benevolence or generosity, sympathy allows us to share in the happiness and misery of those around us. Hume contends that the "minds of all men are not similar in their feelings and operations, nor can anyone be actuated by any affection, of which all others are not, in some degree, susceptible. As in strings equally wound up, the motion of one communicates itself to the rest; so all the affections readily pass from one person to another, and beget corresponden t movements in every human creature". In his more mature writings, Hume describes this sympathetic impulse as a sentiment of humanity. He points out that the very notion of morals implies some "sentiment common to all mankind, which recommends the same object to general approbation, and makes every man, or most men, agree in the same opinion or decision concerning it. It also implies some sentiment, so universal and comprehensive as to extend to all mankind and render the actions and conduct, even of the persons the most remote, an object of applause or censure, according to as they agree or disagree with that rule of right which is established. Without this ability to appeal to common sentiment, to recognize the fundamental likeness of human beings, man would be nothing but a "fancied monster," indifferent to others and totally incapable of making regular moral judgments. It is this sympathetic impulse, this shared sentiment of humanity that serves as the foundation of all moral co ncord. Although the sentiment of humanity is "kneaded into our frame" and diffused so widely that "no man is absolutely indifferent to the happiness and misery of others", Hume is well aware that human beings do not live in conditions of universal benevolence and amity. His History of England is filled with examples of callousness, cruelty, and moral confusion. However, Hume avoids this apparent contradiction by suggesting that our sentiment of humanity is frighteningly fragile and can be perverted by external factors. Although the most prevalent and powerful of these factors is religion, it would be a serious mistake to conclude that Hume considers all forms of religion morally destructive. While some religions--those described by Hume as superstitious or enthusiastic--tend to undermine the common sentiment of humanity, Hume recognizes that religion is sometimes capable of promoting our recognition of similitude and bolstering the fragile moral sense. It is the latter species of re ligion that Hume recommends for the public establishment.

Non Probability Sampling Methods Essay Example for Free

Non Probability Sampling Methods Essay Non-probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in the population has of being included in the sample. In this type of sampling, items for the sample are selected deliberately by the researcher; his choice concerning the items remains supreme. Non-Probability Sampling Methods: The common feature in non probability sampling methods is that subjective judgments are used to determine the population that are contained in the sample. The common groups are discussed below; 1. Convenience Sampling 2. Judgement Sampling 3. Quota Sampling 4. Snowball sampling Convenience Sampling This type of sampling is used primarily for reasons of convenience, researchers might either be in need of urgent data so cannot conduct a thorough research or it is simply to satisfy ones curiosity about a subject. This form of sampling is used mostly in marketing studies. For example; a new yoghurt processing company is interested in knowing opinions about the new product (issues like flavour of the yoghurt, consistency of the yoghurt and packaging). The perception is to produce what would best appeal to the customers. A private researcher has been hired and he asks his neighbours (convenient sample) their opinion about the yoghurt. Judgement Sampling The researcher’s personal judgement guides the selection criteria; his discretion that the selected members are representative of the entire population guides the findings. It is used mainly in product tests. For example a research team has been constituted to conduct a survey, if one of the members drops out; the principle investigator has the right to appoint a replacement. This would be done at the discretion of the principle investigator. 6.3.1.3 Quota Sampling This is a very commonly used sampling method in marketing research studies. Here the sample is selected on the basis of certain basic parameters such as age, sex, income and occupation that describe the nature a population so as to make it representative of the population. The Investigators or field workers are instructed to choose a sample that conforms to these parameters. The field workers are assigned quotas of the number of units satisfying the required characteristics on which data should be collected. However, before collecting data on these units, the investigators are supposed to verify that the units qualify these characteristics. Suppose we are conducting a survey to study the buying behavior of a product and it is believed that the buying behavior is greatly influenced by the income level of the consumers. We assume that it is possible to divide our population into three income strata such as high-income group, middle-income group and low-income group. Further it is known that 20% of the population is in high income group, 35% in the middle-income group and 45% in the low-income group. Suppose it is decided to select a sample of size 200 from the population. Therefore, samples of size 40, 70 and90 should come from high income, middle income and low income groups respectively. Now the various field workers are assigned quotas to select the sample from each group in such a way that a total sample of 200 is selected in the same proportion as mentioned above. 6.3.1.4 Snowball Sampling  · The sampling in which the selection of additional respondents (after the first small group of respondents is selected) is based upon referrals from the initial set of respondents.  · It is used to sample low incidence or rare populations  · It is done for the efficiency of finding the additional, hard-to-find members of the sample. 6.3.1.5 Advantages of Non-probability Sampling  · It is much cheaper to probability sampling.  · It is acceptable when the level of accuracy of the research results is not of utmost importance.  · Less research time is required than probability samples.  · It often produces samples quite similar to the population of interest when conducted properly. 6.3.1.6 Disadvantages of Non-probability Sampling  · You cannot calculate Sampling error. Thus, the minimum required sample size cannot be calculated which suggests that you (researcher) may sample too few or too many members of the population of interest.  · You do not know the degree to which the sample is representative of the population from which it was drawn.  · The research results cannot be projected (generalized) to the total population of interest with any degree of confidence.

The Kelvin equation

The Kelvin equation The Kelvin equation relates the vapour pressure of a liquid to the effect of surface curvature i.e. a meniscus with radius. The equation illustrates that due to the surface tension and the surface being larger than the volume, there is much higher evaporation rate for smaller droplet liquids when compared to that of larger droplets. ln(P/P0 ) = 2?Vm /rRT The Kelvin equation also shows that smaller particles exhibits higher solubility than larger particles. This occurs because of much greater pressure inside the droplet than outside and therefore gas diffusion can occur across the plateau borders of the droplet, weakening the walls (from high to low pressure). The vapour pressure of that over the droplet of water of radius r and inside a bubble in water at a specific temperature could be calculated using the Kelvin equation below. KELVIN EQUATION PARAMETERS P: Actual vapour pressure P0: Saturated vapour pressure Surface tension of liquid MW: Molecular weight r: Radius Density R: Universal gas constant (8.314 J K-1 mol-1) T: Temperature in Kelvin The Kelvin equation has a variety of significant effects as it provides clarifications for such phenomena including supersaturation of vapours, superheating, Ostwald ripening and capillary condensation. This effect is known as Kelvin effect and also Gibbs-Kelvin effect or Gibbs-Thomson effect. (Barnes 2005) Supersaturation The effect on the Kelvin equation could be explained in terms of supersaturation of vapour. The term of supersaturation refers to the state in which a solution has overly dissolved material than that of a saturated solution. Supersaturation could also be referred to the compounds vapour having greater partial pressure than that of the vapour pressure of the compound. In the solid form, the small particles can lead to crystallites or large single crystals formation. In a polydisperse suspension the material will dissolve until it has reached its saturated level at that temperature. When the sample is stored, the temperature will fluctuate slightly regardless of storage location. For example, if the sample is stored in the fridge, the temperature could vary and so the temperature of suspension could increase leading to a rise in saturation level allowing smaller particles to further dissolve until a new saturation level is reached. When the temperature drops, the suspension is affected in terms of consisting more than usual of the dissolved species. The new concentration is described as supersaturation. The remaining dissolved species would precipitate back on all the particles, the smaller particles preferentially dissolve and so larger particles having a coat will enlarge. Hence, supersaturated solutions are a result because of alteration of the saturated solution, i.e. temperature, volume or pressure. Some examples of supersaturation are beer and carbonated water. Water is able to dissolve a lot of carbon dioxide than at atmospheric pressure, which happens at the elevated pressure in bottle. At the state of atmospheric pressure, the escape of the carbon dioxide gas from the supersaturated liquid is quite slow. This process is advanced by the existence of small bubbles which is caused by shaking the product. Rock candy Rock candy is a type of confectionery mineral composed of relatively large sugar crystals. The candy is formed by allowing a supersaturated solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal nucleation, such as a string or stick In the phenomenon of superheating, the homogeneous substance without boiling is heated at a temperature in which is greater than the liquids normal boiling point. In order for a vapour bubble to expand and consequently burst at the surface (to boil), the temperature heating must be highly sufficient (raised above the boiling point) that the vapour pressure will go beyond the atmospheric pressure. (Patrick 2006) An insufficient temperature that is below will cause the vapour bubble to decrease and so disappear. However, in terms of superheating, the liquid is seen that it does not boil despite having the vapour pressure exceeding the atmospheric pressure. As a result, the surface tension restrains the growth of the bubbles. Boiling chips which are also known as boiling stones or anti-bumping granules are purposely added to the liquid to make boiling easier without the liquid becoming superheated. They are small and insoluble porous stones composing of calcium carbonate or silicon carbide. Inside the stones, they have pores that allow cavities to trap air and supply spaces in which the solvent bubbles can develop (nucleation sites i.e. formation of the vapour bubbles in on cavities). When there is an addition of boiling chips to a solvent and is heated, it would release very small bubbles. These tiny bubbles prevent bumping, loss of solution and hence allows liquid to boil easier without being superheated. Without the addition of boiling chips in a solvent, the heated liquid could be defined as superheated, an unstable state and therefore would be able to release a quantity of bubble of gas all of a sudden or perhaps violently. As a consequence of the sudden expel of vapour from the container of the liquid, it could lead to from ruining of the experiment to causing harsh burns. Ostwald ripening In regards to droplets that are spherical and being in contact with their vapour, the two radii situated in the liquid phase are equal and so maintain positive signs. Therefore in reference to the Kelvin equation, the droplets vapour pressure will be higher than the same liquid with a flat surface. An example is that for a radius of water droplet of 10nm, the increase in vapour pressure is approximately 10%. The smaller the droplets radius, the greater the vapour pressure. (Barnes 2005) For instance, in the case a polydispersion system (droplets with different sizes), the smaller particles has the tendency to dissolve (i.e. have greater solubility) or evaporate attaching themselves onto the surface of the larger ones, leading the larger particles to continue to grow with time but the smaller particles disappearing. This spontaneous process known as Ostwald ripening was first recognised in 1896 by Wilhelm Ostwald. (Ostwald 1896) A real life effect of the Kelvin equation occurs in clouds in which the larger droplets grow expecting to be heavy enough to fall as rain. Similarly, this process also exists for crystals contained in solutions. The larger crystals will tend to grow rather than the smaller ones resulting in a process of Ostwald ripening. This process is an important ageing effect occurring in any polydisperse systems. It could be observed in foams, emulsions as well as aqueous sols. (Adamson 1990) In terms of foam instability, the reason of instability could be due to Ostwald ripening. The Ostwald ripenings driving force arises because of the variation of Laplace pressure between bubbles of unequal size that is the smaller and larger foam bubbles. (Barnes 2005) The smaller bubbles having a greater gas pressure than the larger bubbles causes an effect on the foam stability. For the period of foam storage, the bubbles rise in the gravity field to the top of the liquid due to the large density existing between the liquid and the gas phases. From here, they shape a loosely closed-packed or honeycomb like structure from which the liquid drains forming foam that turns out to be dryer. The thin films created can collapse due to gravity and causing coalescence of bubbles. When increased of gas solubility with pressure happens, gas between bubbles are able to diffuse from the smaller to the larger bubbles. A large bubble in the foam that is surrounded by smaller bubbles could ultimately cause a big hole in the structure of the foam. (Hubbard 2002) Ostwald ripening is the cause of foam instability when a larger pressure difference of foam bubbles that are spherical cam be seen. In the case of polyhedral foam (with planar liquid lamella), the foam bubbles pressure difference is not great and so foam instability is not because of the Ostwald process. (Tadros 2005) Since the surface of the bubble behaves like viscoelastic behaviour, the process of Ostwald ripening in foam bubbles could be reduced by addition of a gas that is only soluble in the liquid. As a result of this process, it also has an effect of decreasing of specific surface area in time due to the highly soluble particles. (Lyklema 2005) The Ostwald ripening is important as it is used to increase the efficiency in both industrial and analytical filtration. (Barnes 2005) Capillary Condensation The Kelvin effect can also be observed in terms of capillary condensation due to the existence of a curvature, a meniscus. Capillary condensation arises because of the vapours adsorption in a capillary which creates a liquid surface with tiny radius of curvature. (Fisher 2002) The liquids vapour pressure being lower than that of the same liquid with a flat surface is a consequence of the radii being positioned in the vapour phase. If the actual vapour pressure is greater than the vapour pressure calculated from using the Kelvin equation for the curved surface than condensation would likely to occur. The actual vapour pressure for a flat surface may possibly be lower than its saturation vapour pressure. (Patrick 2006) As the capillary filled by capillary condensation occurs, immediately a meniscus is generated (which depends on the liquids surface tension) at the liquid-vapour interface enabling the equilibrium to be under the Psat (saturation vapour pressure). At low vapour pressure, the liquid condenses in smaller radius of the capillary. As the vapour pressure increases, further condensation of the liquid at the larger radius capillary is filled causing the radius of the meniscus to increase (capillary becoming full). The Kelvin equation implies that the Pv/Psat rises inside a capillary and the meniscus radius will further expand causing a creation of more flat surface. Hence, the vapour condensation is able to occur smoothly over the range of vapour pressures. For any liquid-vapour interface involving a meniscus, the Kelvin equation therefore relates the change between the equilibrium vapour pressure and the saturation vapour pressure. Capillary condensation as an important factor, is significant by means in both naturally and synthetic occurring porous structures. These structures allow scientists to recognize the concept of capillary condensation to determine pore size distribution as well as surface area through adsorption isotherms. (Barnes, 2005) References Adamson, W 1990, Physical chemistry of surfaces, 5th edn, John Wiley Sons, Canada Barnes, G.T 2005, Interfacial science, Ist edn, Oxford University press, United States CUBoulder Organic Chemistry, 2007, Boiling Chips, viewed 28 March, 2010 Economic expert, 2010, Supersaturation, viewed 28 March, 2010 Farlex, 2010, Kelvin equation, the free encyclopedia viewed 25 March, 2010, Fisher, LR Israelachvili JN 2002, Colloid Interfacial science, 3rd edn, Elsevier LTD, United States Gordon, M 1988, Physical Chemistry, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill, United States Hiemenz, CP 1997, Principles of Colloid and Surface, 3rd edn, Marcel Dekker, United States Hubbard, T 2002, Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science: Por Z, 2nd edn, Marcel Dekker, New York Lyklema, J 2005, Fundamentals of interface and colloid science, 2nd edn, Academic press, London, vol. 2, p. 24 Ostwald, W 1896. Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie, vol. 2, part 1. Leipzig, Germany. Sinko, PJ 2006, Martins physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, 5th edn, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia Tadros, F.T 2005, Applied Surfactants: principles and application 4th edn, edn, Wiley-VCH, Germany. The engineering toolbox, 2005, Introduction to vapor and steam, viewed 28 March, 2010, UBC Chemistry Department, 2002, Boiling Chips, viewed 28 March, 2010 Uci education, 2005, Boiling point and distillation, RDG, viewed 28 March, 2010 https://eee.uci.edu/programs/hongchem/RDGbpdostill.pdf

Two Different Attitudes, Two D Essay -- essays research papers

Two Different Attitudes, Two Different Worlds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this essay I am going to compare and contrast the speakers and the stories of 'Homage to my Hips'; and 'Her Kind';. The speakers in this stories have very different attitudes, and approaches in telling their story about the same topic. While talking about the oppression of women, both Lucille Clifton and Anne Sexton take the own stance on the situation. While Clifton expresses her proud and self-confident attitude, Sexton on the other hand speaks in a very snotty, self-righteous tone. Each of these extremely influential woman, that I will be talking about describe their own individual experiences. These experiences create a very clear, individualistic tone that makes the poems of these two writers differ in many ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The speaker in 'Homage to my Hips'; carries a very proud and self-confident attitude. The best example of this would be when the speaker says, 'These hips are mighty hips. These hips are magic hips. I have known them to put a spell on a man and spin him like a top!';(Pg705). That line is so powerful, it portrays the image that she thinks that bug women are better than men. The speaker in this poem is also a very brave and daring type of women. 'They don't like to be held back. These hips have never been enslaved, they go where they want to go';(Pg705), that line shows how brave the speaker is. It conveys the message that ...

Christian Thoughts :: essays research papers

LONG AGO, or maybe not so long ago, there was a tribe in a dark, cold cavern. The cave dwellers would huddle together and cry against the chill. Loud and long they wailed. It was all they did. It was all they knew to do. The sounds in the cave were mournful, but the people didn’t know it, for had never known life. But then, one day, they heard a different voice. â€Å"I have heard your cries,† it announced. â€Å"I have felt your chill and seen your darkness. I have come to help.† The cave people grew quiet. They had never heard this voice. Hope sounded strange to their ears. â€Å"How can we know you have come to help?† â€Å"Trust me,† he answered. â€Å"I have what you need.† The cave people peered through the darkness at the figure of the stranger. He was stacking something, then stooping and stacking more. â€Å"What are you doing?† one cried, nervous. The stranger didn’t answer. â€Å"What are you making?† one shouted even louder. Still no response. â€Å"Tell us!† demanded a third. The visitor stood and spoke in the direction of the voices. â€Å"I have what you need.† With that he turned to the pile at his feet and lit it. Wood ignited, flames erupted, and light filled the cavern. The cave people turned away in fear. â€Å"Put it out!† they cried. â€Å"It hurts to see it.† â€Å"Light always hurts before it helps,† he answered. â€Å"Step closer. The pain will soon pass.† â€Å"Not I,† declared a voice. â€Å"Nor I,† agreed a second. â€Å"Only a fool would risk exposing his eyes to such light.† The stranger stood next to the fire. â€Å"Would you prefer the darkness? Would you prefer the cold? Don’t consult your fears. Take a step of faith.† For a long time no one spoke. The people hovered in groups covering their eyes. The firebuilder stood next to the fire. â€Å"It’s warm here,† he invited. â€Å"He’s right,† one from behind him announced. â€Å"It’s warmer.† The stranger turned and saw a figure slowly stepping toward the fire. â€Å"I can open my eyes now,† she proclaimed. â€Å"I can see.† â€Å"Come closer,† invited the fire builder. She did. She stepped into the ring of light. â€Å"It’s so warm!† She extended her hands and sighed as her chill began to pass. â€Å"Come, everyone! Feel the warmth,† she invited. â€Å"Silence, woman!† cried one of the cave dwellers. â€Å"Dare you lead us into your folly? Leave us and take your light with you.† She turned to the stranger. â€Å"Why won’t they come?

Voltaires Candide as Vehicle to Discredit Optimism Essay -- Candide e

Voltaire's Candide as Vehicle to Discredit Optimism   Ã‚   Optimism was an attractive to many because it answered a profound philosophical question: if God is omnipotent and benevolent, then why is there so much evil in the world? Optimism provides an easy way out: God has made everything for the best, and even though one might experience personal misfortune, God (via your misfortune) is still helping the greater good.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Voltaire's experiences led him to dismiss the idea that this is the best of all possible worlds. Examining the death and destruction, both man-made and natural (including the Lisbon earthquake) Voltaire concluded that everything was not for the best. Voltaire uses Candide as the vehicle to attack optimism. Pangloss is meant not to attack Leibnitz, but rather optimism as a philosophy. Thus the reader cannot forget that all of Pangloss's ramblings are not Voltaire's personal attacks on Leibnitz, but in some way represent a characterization of the "typical" optimist. Pangloss, writes Voltaire, "Proved admirably that there cannot possibly be an effect without a cause, and that in this best of all possible worlds the Baron's castle was the most beautiful of all castles and his wife the best of all possible baronesses" (Voltaire 2). Thus we have established Pangloss as the champion of optimism.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yet just as quickly, Voltaire points out the absurdity of this doctrine. "Observe," says Pangloss, seeking to demonstrate that everything has a cause and effect, "noses were made to support spectacles, hence we have spectacles. Legs, as anyone can plainly see, were made to be breeched, and so we have breeches" (Voltaire 3). The sheer stupidity of these illogical conclusions will likely... ... Candide respond, in closing, to his friend the Optimist?    "That is very well put, said Candide, but we must cultivate our garden" (Voltaire 75).    Works Cited and Consulted: Bottiglia, William. "Candide's Garden." Voltaire: A Collection of Critical Essays. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Durant, Will, Ariel Durant. The Story of Civilization: Part IX: The Age of Voltaire. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965. Frautschi, R.L. Barron's Simplified Approach to Voltaire: Candide. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1968. Lowers, James K, ed. "Cliff Notes on Voltaire's Candide". Lincoln: Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Richter, Peyton. Voltaire. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980. Voltaire's Candide and the Critics. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1996. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Viking Publishers, 1998.

Culture affects Essay

This essay will be focussed on comparing two scenes from two different plays, the main characters and their personalities, and how their culture affects them.  The two plays in question are Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† and â€Å"Blackrock† by Nick Enright.  Arthur Miller was an American playwright who was born in 1915. He grew up in New York to a Jewish family. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1938 where he began to distinguish himself as a playwright. His play â€Å"The Crucible† was written in 1953 and later adapted to a film starring Daniel Day Lewis and Winnona Rider in 1996. â€Å"The Crucible† inspired by the Salem Witch Trials. A group of innocent girls are caught dancing and chanting in the forest around a fire. (Puritan England where all forms of dancing and enjoyment would be strictly forbidden) To save themselves from being punished, they cry witchcraft and within days the whole town goes mad searching for the presence of the ‘Devil’ and his witches. The few honest and true people who do not lie to save themselves from hanging are coldly murdered, including John Proctor the main male role. Nick Enright was born in Maitland in New South Wales. He started his career in the theatre as a teenager and wrote Blackrock in 19 and later on in 1997 was adapted to a film. â€Å"Blackrock† about a teen’s idyllic surfer lifestyle is shattered when a young girl is brutally murdered after a beach party and the investigation comes close to his circle of friends. The young man Jared, must deal with his conscience and his sense of loyalty to his friends.  Both the plays â€Å"Blackrock† and â€Å"The Crucible† although set in different time periods, both have a main character faced with some sort of personal moral dilemma. The decision between right and wrong, and having the courage to put yourself at risk on behalf of others. Act 4 of â€Å"The Crucible† The scene changes from the Vestry in the Courthouse to Salem jail.  Marshall Herrick enters and wakes up Goody Good and Tituba so that they can be moved to a different cell.  Tituba tells Herrick that they await the Devil, who will fly them to Barbados.  The Reverend Hale arrives and tells the prisoners that they must confess to being witches in order to thwart the ridiculous Court and avoid being hanged. Reverend Parris discovers that Abigail and Mercy Lewis have disappeared after robbing Parris and he suspects they may have boarded a ship. Parris delays telling Danforth this news because he fears that there will be a rebellion in Salem similar to the recent uprising in Andover. There they threw out the Court, as the people were unhappy with the proceedings.  When Danforth learns about the disappearance of Abigail he still considers that the evidence stands and will not postpone the executions for it would be a sign of weakness. Hale pleads with him to reconsider or at least give him time to persuade the prisoners to confess. Reverend Hale is having difficulties in persuading the seven condemned to death to confess, and he pleads again with Danforth for more time. He senses that Proctor is considering confessing, so he asks Elizabeth to talk to her husband stressing the future in store for their children if he is hanged. Elizabeth feels responsible for Proctor’s situation because she lied in Court. She also feels guilty for being suspicious about her husband after the affair with Abigail. She tells Proctor that she totally forgives him for the affair. Proctor hopes that if he makes an oral confession in Court, that will be sufficient for his Judges, but they require it in writing and it will be posted on the Church door. He cannot face this and, therefore, retracts his confession. He would rather die, and preserve his good name.

Sonnet’s from the Portugese Analysis of all poems

Elizabeth Barrett Browning Sonnet 1 Theme: unexpectedness of love Falling in love with Robert and his returning of her love came as a great surprise to Elizabeth, considering past her circumstances. Analysis: Reworks the traditional sonnet sequence by transforming gender roles. She utilities the female voice instead of the traditional male voice. She assumes the role of epic hero. She adopts the patrician sonnet style. The octet's strict rhyming pattern reflects how she feels her life has been static so far.The sextet's alternating near rhymes modulate from move' to ‘strove' to ‘love' reflecting gradual emotional and spiritual pavement as a result of discovering this unexpected love. The distortion of iambic pentameter reflects the distorted and enharmonic patterns of her own life. B uses past tense show how Joy escapes her- ‘once' ‘sung'. The brevity of ‘once' suggests that this kind of love Is fleeting. ‘Once' also has fairytale associations â₠¬Ëœonce upon a time' which suggests that love for her Is a myth.She utilities the classical Greek reference (allusion) to Theocratic whose poem suggested that every year of life brought new happiness with it. This allusion evokes the original pastoral tradition from Sicily and implicitly allows a world of classical Italian paganism (and potential sexuality) Into the world of Victorian poetry. Creates a dramatic effect by using enjambment to set off a phrase at the beginning of the sestets. Volta, (Italian: â€Å"turn†) the turn in thought in a sonnet that is often indicated by such initial words as But, Yet, or And yet. The Volta occurs between the octet and sestets in a Patriarchal sonnet.Here the thought continues from line 8 to 9. This suggests that the melancholy blends itself across all aspects of her life. That she remembers the poem as being ‘sung' (past tense) also suggests that armory and sweetness have not been a part of her life's journey. Listing the sweet y ears, the dear and wished for years' ‘The sweet ,sad years, the melancholy years'. This again emphasizes how much Joy and beauty she has missed out on and how much she has suffered ‘antique tongue' classical adjectival reference, could suggest these notions are foreign to her Just as an antique language is or that this happiness could only be found in the past. Lung' powerful and Jarring verb. Browning feels that fate has powerfully ‘shadow she is now an image of her former self due to the illness, offering and oppression she has been through OR darkness has spread, there is no light of hope in her life. ‘mystic Shape' capitalizes-shape is personified. Mystic means†spiritually allegorical, pertaining to mysteries of faith,† â€Å"pertaining to occult practices or ancient religions† So†¦ This shape is foreign to her ‘shape' â€Å"creation, form, destiny,† from root of shape (v. )). Meaning â€Å"contours of the body† is attested from late ICC. Meaning â€Å"condition, state† is first recorded 1865, Aimer. Eng.In M. E. , the word also had a sense of â€Å"a woman's private parts. † ‘hair' :An allusion to Homer's Iliad. Epic which begins with Athena pulling Achilles by the hair. Divine intervention by the Gods. EBB could see Borrowing's love for her as divine intervention. Her allusion to Homer's epic subtly suggests that there is something heroic and brave about this romantic engagement. The gender dynamic of this allusion should not be overlooked. At the opening of the Iliad Achilles and Agamemnon are contending over who will get to keep a captive female in his tent-an odd and interesting allusion for the beginning of feminine love sonnets.In Barrett Browning;s revision of this scene, the desiring female speaker assumes the position of epic hero. Pulled away from destructive, seductive thoughts of death, she engages with the emotional risks of love when the conditions seem t o glorify her as much as her beloved; thus the speaker is both the subject and object of love, revising without entirely reversing the Perchance tradition in which the woman is a silent object of admiration. This allusion to homer's epic, as well as the heroic sonnet form, subtly suggests that there is something brave and heroic about this romantic engagement.Fate is symbolized as a woman constantly turning. Her hair had to be grabbed while he was facing you. Allusion to a A children's game. The sestets is based on a children's game of the time in which one child would creep up behind another, grab her hair and ask: â€Å"Guess who it is? † The poet compares falling in love to this game. She suggests than when the strange feeling (of love) metaphorically â€Å"drew me backwards by the hair†, she assumed that it was death that was seizing her (her pessimistic expectation). Mystic Shape† (line 10) suggests something mysterious and possibly sinister. In line 12: â⠂¬Å"†¦ A voice said in mastery while I strove† suggests the power of her new linings and her attempts to resist them because she feared them. Silver answer-color imagery-love has found her but isn't quite gold yet. She can while she is Joyful to find love she is wary of it. Silver also represents purity, so perhaps the answer of ‘love' is pure and simple as further witnessed through the use of monosyllables ‘Not Death but Love' Rang-connotative of wedding bells or announcements.Loud volume. Has it awoken her from her melancholy and sadness? Rang is also in present tense to show her awakening to love and Joy, as opposed to the past tense ‘sung Wished' Sung, Voice,Rang -the experience is auditory. Why? Siren's call? Has she subverted this? She is like the men lead to their death? The dangers of love? Perhaps she only understands love when she hears it from someone else, she herself cannot articulate it because of her isolated existence. Bells are commonly representative of Joy and freedom.The shape of the bell is closely related to the vault of HEAVEN. A bell's pendulous motion can represent the extremes of good and evil; death and immortality. Its sound is a symbol of creative power, but can also be a call to arms. Is also phallic in some senses, a bell and handle = a vulva and a phallus. Embodiment of virginity, unmarried women adorn themselves with bells. The use of direct speech in lines 13 & 14 dramatists her surprise. The ellipsis in line 14 creates suspense before the final antithesis of â€Å"Not Death, but Love. Which highlights the great change in her outlook on life from the second quatrain. Volta: Browning plays with the Patriarchal form because she's more intent on meaning rather than staying with form. Goes into 9th line in sestets. Provides a Volta in line 13 after the caesura ‘but there'. Ellipsis. The function of these is to show that she is reserved and reticent about embracing love due to her societal constr aints which include: patriarchal power structure, history of illness and tragedy, feels unworthy and mistrusts herself.Sense of Self-she is aware of her limitations and cleverly questions and challenges those through her poetry. Classical Elements in Poem Modern Elements of Poem Patriarchal Rhyme Scheme Theocratic Antique tongue Hair-allusion to Homer's Iliad epic The drama of death and love evokes classical drama and mythology, figures such as Orpheus and Eurydice and the fugue of fate. Can read her poems as a version of the silent, suffering powerless womanUsurps masculine conventions-she's no longer silent but eloquent Uses her structure to infer movement from stasis to an opening up of emotions Cleverly invokes sexuality and desire in a strict patriarchal society Transforms ritual of identity-sonnet is about (values debate about identity within context of conformity) She is aware of her limitations and cleverly challenges them throughout her poetry She is reserved and reticent a bout embracing love due to her societal constraints: patriarchal power Elizabeth Barrett Browning Sonnet 13 Theme: The dominant idea and tone of this sonnet seems to be uncertainty – uncertainty bout whether the poet/persona can trust her lover and whether she can control the intensity of her own feelings. This poem is about EBB being unable to speak or admit her love to Robert Browning, however, she paradoxically creates a work of art to declares her love. She declares herself as a poet maker which will then be her gift to Robert. She isn't ready to admit love yet. She will declare it when she is ready. The female voice instead of the traditional male voice.Unlike the traditional depiction of a woman in Patriarchs poetry-she is not silent. She poses and answers the heterocyclic question, ‘And wilt though have me fashion into speech/the love I bear thee, finding words enough†¦ ‘ She adopts the Patrician sonnet style. She has control over her own silence, ques tioning the validity of words and hence the sonnet form itself. Paradox-this poem is about her not being able to communicate yet she communicates with Robert Browning through this poem. She does not introduce a Volta in lines 8 or 9 which shows her determination to express her uncertainty about revealing her feelings to Robber Browning. The sonnet.This is reflective of the conversational style of the letters and also emends the reader that the sonnet is part of a sequence of ideas. *The use of the archaic forms and â€Å"wilt† suggests that the question may be a device, as used in the sonnets of Shakespeare and the Metaphysical poets, to introduce her ideas dramatically, rather than a response to a real request from Robert. ‘Hold the torch out where the words are rough/ between our faces, to cast a light on each?.. ‘ The torch and light here can symbolism illumination, exposure or disclosure and hence the revelation of their love to others, which EBB is afraid of as it will allow them to be criticized by others. In these lines EBB is also creating a drama of epic significance. The flaming torches allude to classical drama.She is also the one in control as she is the torch bearer, which again subverts the traditional notion of the submissive woman in Patriarchal poetry. The metaphor â€Å"where the words are rough† suggests the external forces that make it difficult to her express her love publicly, possibly a reference to her father's opposition. â€Å"I drop it at thy feet'. Cleverly denounces her previous image of power and control by submitting humbly to him. The use of the verb drop suggests her inability to effectively be a torchbearer and consequently she reveals to him that she in unable to effectively communicate her love to him in her writing, ‘l cannot teach my hand to hold my spirit so far off/From myself.. Me. ‘ The high modality reflects her inability to do so. Nay, -let the silence of my womanhood/Commend my woman-love to thy belief-‘ Cleverly adopts the role of a virtuous Victorian woman who until the point of marriage will not talk and must remain a mystery. The first word of the sestets â€Å"Nay' (No) does not introduce a Volta (turn) in this case. Instead it emphasizes her determination not to declare her love, reinforcing the second quatrain. ‘And that I stand union, however wooed'. There is a lovely play on contrasting words here with the W sound which emphasizes the paradoxical nature of her situation. She is in love but cannot admit it, however, cleverly explores and conveys her emotions of uncertainty to Robert through her poetry.She urges her lover to assume that she is following the conventions of courtly love (suggested by the phrase â€Å"woman-love† and the archaic word â€Å"wooed†), in which the woman was expected to pretend disinterest as a sign of modesty and a way to encourage her lover to more extravagant protestation of his love. (This l inks to the archaic forms in the first quatrain. ) Here, the verb ‘rending is powerful and sexual. Her outward unresponsiveness conceals deeply felt passion. The image of being ravished is suggested in the metaphor of her life as a garment being torn apart. The superlative ‘most' coupled with the rhyming and long sounding ‘dauntless, voiceless' reveals the amount of mental and emotional strength needed by EBB to guard her feelings.She again creates the classical image of woman. She is heroic and strong in grief. Lest one touch of this heart convey its grief'. The singular ‘One touch' conveys the powerful brevity of tenderness and instantaneous consequent vulnerability of revealing her love. Should she reveal her love, she will be open to ‘grief, the grief that comes with love and happiness. It may also be personal grief due to the loss of her brother as well as the social grief that comes as a result of the restrictions placed on women during her time. Revealing her love will make her vulnerable in many ways and will open up a plethora of emotions for her. Admitting love.The pronouns change from male thou' and thee' to female to ‘I' and ‘myself†¦. Me' to neutral this'. This could reveal the process in which she constructs a hybrid gender for herself which allows her to escape patriarchal constraints and usurp masculine conventions (see below). The drama is that this is a woman speaking as a lover to a lover, about the nature of love poetry. The emphasis is on the nature of Woman-love' and the paradox is that her traditional ‘silence' has become powerful eloquence. Part of the challenge is that EBB works with cross dressing and paradoxes about hybrid gender , as in her poems o George Sand, that ‘large-brained woman and large-hearted man'.While she usurps masculine conventions, authority and eloquence she also insists that she retains a tragic identity as the always ‘union' and enduring woman, the lover who cannot admit love, and in that way suffers love that in turn leads to sadness. Intellectualism and paradox are certainly part of her strategy and essential to the emotional power of the sonnet. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Sonnet 14 In this poem EBB has accepted her suitor's love, but now makes demands regarding the nature of that love. She urges her lover to love her not for any particular reason, but simply because he loves her â€Å"for love's sake only'. She argues that if there is a particular reason for loving someone, then a change in circumstances can remove the reason and destroy the love.One interesting interpretation is that she is cleverly This could be validated with the fact that ‘love' is repeated nine times in the poem. ‘If thou must love me, let it be for enough/Except for love's sake only. ‘ The opening line is very dramatic and is addressed directly to the lover in the archaic second person (â€Å"thou†). She tells him: If you mus t love me, let it be for nothing. The high modality of the auxiliary verb â€Å"must† may be playfully suggesting that she does not really want him to love her or that she cannot believe that he would actually want to (a sign of her sense of inferiority). Like Sonnet 13 she also begins with the conjunction ‘if which creates a conversational tone. The idea of loving her for nothing seems strange until we read line 2. (I. E. He power of the idea is created by the enjambment, creating a pause before the qualifying condition – â€Å"except†). ‘Do not say/ † I love her for her smile.. Re look.. Her way [Of speaking gently.. ; for a trick of thought/ That falls in well with mine, and Cortes brought/ A sense of pleasant ease on such as day-† EBB uses the imperative voice and listing of conventional attributes that are admired in women to warn Robert not to love her for these superficial qualities as they are subject to change. Ellipsis is used i n these lines to suggest alternates that he might say. (Cortes – certainly) ‘For these things in themselves beloved, may/Be changed, or change for thee,.. ND love so wrought,/May be inwrought so. Here, EBB explains why she does not want IM to love her in these ways – because these things may change, destroying the love. In using the contrast of opposites Wrought/inwrought' EBB highlights how easily love may come undone when it is based on transient qualities, as easily and simply as adding a small prefix to a word that resonates with work and effort. The word â€Å"beloved† in line 7 shows that she really loves him, dispelling any doubt that may have been created by line 1 . She has not used this word before to address him in previous poems for study. ‘Neither love me for /Thing own dear pity wiping my cheeks dry! For one might well forget to weep, who bore/Thy comfort long, and lose love thereby-‘ The idea in lines 9 – 12 is that he sho uld not love her because he pities her unhappiness, because his love would make her happy, so he could no longer pity her, and therefore, no longer love her. The exclamatory shows that she is horrified of being pitied. ‘But love me for love's sake, that evermore/ Thou Mays love on through love's eternity. ‘ The poem ends with a clear and direct use of the imperative mood to emphasis her main idea – â€Å"love me for love's sake†. She repeats the words of line 2, avian explained why she made the opening statement. Not be affected by changing circumstances, further reinforcing the poet's main idea.In terms of the sonnet form, EBB has now moved away from the half rhymes in her sestets to full rhyme for', ‘bore' ‘evermore' and ‘dry, thereby. However, she utilities half rhyme in ending with ‘eternity. This serves to emphasis the uniqueness of the word and the longevity of their love (made up of four syllables and the longest sounding word in the poem) and hence the uniqueness of their love if it isn't based on approaching her and loving her as a conventional woman. F a woman in Patriarchal poetry-she is not silent. She is in control and makes demands of Robert Borrowing love. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Sonnet 21 The tone of this sonnet is dramatically different from the three previous ones set for study.It is more exuberant (excited, high-spirited), clearly shown by the number of exclamations. This might suggest that her doubts about the genuineness of Robber's love are decreasing and she is beginning to enjoy their relationship. (One study guide refers to her â€Å"pleasure†, another to her â€Å"thrill†. ) An alternative reading might be that there is a sense of desperation in her excitement – that she is urging him to keep telling her that he loves her so she can overcome her doubts. There is evidence in the poem to Justify either approach, so you must make your own Judgment. In lines 1 -6 sh e urges her beloved to keep telling her that he loves her.There is a typical dramatic opening, addressing her lover directly â€Å"Beloved† and using repetition â€Å"again and yet again†. The repeated use of exclamatory in line 6 and 7 line create a sense of exuberance. The foregrounding of the adjectival ‘Beloved' may reveal an acceptance of her feelings towards Robert Browning, as she has now placed the term f endearment at the start of the poem (in contrast to Sonnet 14). Mores it relegates him to the object of the poem and thus EBB again subverts the traditional Patriarchal sonnet which had the woman as the object. EBB also subverts the form by taking control through the use of the imperative tone. She compares his repeated declarations of his love to the song of the cuckoo (â€Å"cuckoo-song† & â€Å"cuckoo-strain†).This bird is heard very frequently in spring in England, and many people get sick of its monotonous calling. She suggests that wh ile people might get sick of hearing the cuckoo, it should be welcomed because spring Anton come without it. In the same way, she cannot experience love without him ‘Remember, never to the hill and plain/ Valley & wood, without her cuckoo-strain. ‘ Hills were the first manifestation of the creation of the world, standing high enough to be set away from primeval chaos, but lacking the majestic size of mountains. Biblical allusion Isaiah 40:4 ‘Every valley shall be raised, and every mountain and hill made low, the rough ground shall become level, the rugged places a plain.This suggests how everything will be complete and perfect when he repeats his love for her. Plains-symbol of space and boundless earth. Horizontal and opposed to the vertical hill. Valley-symbolic complement of a mountain. Egg yin (valley) and yang (Mountain). Commonly a symbol of fertility and life. Valley is also a Biblical allusion to Psalm 23:even though I walk through the valley of the shadow o f death, I will fear no evil, for you are with me; your rod and your staff, they comfort me (lots of sexual connotations here! ) Wood- Symbolizes superhuman wisdom and knowledge. The carpenter uses tools symbolic of the divine power of bringing order out of chaos.Through the use of these natural and Biblical symbols. EBB suggests that they will not find perfection, complementing unity or order in their love without him repeating he loves her. Note the personification of â€Å"sweet Spring in all her green completed' to herald a fresh start/rebirth/growth. Green is also the color of the Goddess of love Aphrodite who was born from a green sea-so mythological allusion. In lines 7 – 9 she admits to doubts about his love. â€Å"darkness†, â€Å"doubtful spirit†, â€Å"doubt's pain† and â€Å"Cry' have powerful negative connotations, suggesting that the process of deciding whether he really loves her has been very painful. Are these doubts in the past or the present? The use of ellipsis in line 9 suggests hesitation, making the use of the imperative (â€Å"Cry .. Speak seem a little desperate. In lines 9- 11 the rhetorical question suggests renewed confidence. She argues that just as you cannot have too many stars or too many flowers, so you cannot say â€Å"l love you† too often. This continues the association of his love with positive aspects of nature begun in line 6. Stars are symbols of divinity and constancy much like their love. Flowers in contrast are transitory (they don't live forever). EBB again uses humbly to show how their love whilst mortal, can remain eternal. In lines 12 – 13 she again uses the imperative mood, combined with repetition to urge him to continue to say he loves her. Toll† metaphorically compares declaring his love to ringing a bell and â€Å"silver utterance† has positive connotations. (Note that she used â€Å"silver answer† in Sonnet 1) We discussed silver as being less precious than gold and therefore their love whilst still precious is more real rather than ideal. The bell is a symbol of Joy and freedom and in some senses is also phallic- so there are sexual connotations here again. In line 13 the dash introduces a change of idea, and a change to a more serious tone. While she enjoys hearing him say that he loves her, she also wants him to love her â€Å"in deep and lasting love. In terms of the sonnet form, this is the first sonnet for study that does not employ half rhyme in the sestets.Thus the full rhyme could signify her growing confidence in their love. Elizabeth Barrett Browning Sonnet 22 The tone of this sonnet is very different to that of Sonnet XIX. It is extremely serious but also confident, suggesting that the poet is absolutely sure of the truth of what she is saying. EBB suggests that their love can take them into a spiritual realm away from earthly concerns, but then rejects this. She prefers them to remain earthly lovers, even th ough she recognizes that physical love is not permanent because it cannot overcome death. She argues that nothing in life can harm them because they love each other. There is also a sense of equality in this poem. There is no masculine or feminine aspect.She's become a man/woman voice (note the allusions to masculine mythological figures. Angels are gender neutral). In this sonnet the poet uses the first person plural (we / us / our). This is a velveteen from the previous ones set for study, in which she used the first and second person singular. The change reflects her growing certainty that they truly love each other. In the octave she imagines their souls facing each other in silence, getting closer together until their â€Å"lengthening wings break into fire. † This image seems to refer to their deaths, when their physical bodies will be destroyed and their souls will escape to heaven together. This interpretation is supported by the reference to angels.It links to the wi sh expressed in Sonnet XIV to be loved â€Å"through love's eternity. † and in Sonnet XIX to be loved with his â€Å"soul. † The image also has overtones of the mythical phoenix, a bird that burns itself to ashes and comes forth with new life (it is a symbol of resurrection) – suggesting the intensity of the love has â€Å"destroyed† her old self and renewed her. ‘Until their lengthening wings break into fire'. Here we have the use of classical/ mythological allusion to Circus who flew to close to the sun and had his wings melt. Could this suggest that their love is so passionate it could be dangerous? Fire is also a symbol for knowledge and wisdom and again refers to the classical story of

Healthy Life

Healthy life is a very important thing in our lives. We should watch what we eat. We should look at the nutrition label whenever we buy food and drinks. The most important thing on healthy life is exercise. Living healthy is very relaxing.The best thing to do if you want to live healthy is look at the nutrition label on anything you are eating. Look at how much calcium does the food has because it’s an essential nutrient to our body needs everyday and keeps our body run smoothly. Potassium give you strength and endurance that maintain higher level for a long time. Iron is the another best thing you should worry about because iron helps the blood transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissue cells where it is needed and if you don’t get the iron you need in future you will have problem. They are more good vitamins that you can eat for example â€Å"Multi-Vitamins† has everything you need for the whole day.The most important thing about being healthy is exercise be cause it prevent you getting any type of diseases. There are a lot of things that help you when you exercises everyday. Your body improves stamina because you motivating yourself to work your body out more and you feel better about yourself. The most important thing I have notice is insomnia problem because your not active an you cant’t sleep right. When you work out and active an doing stuff insomnia goes away and you will get nice sleep. Exercising is very important to everyone lives.Living a healthy and relaxing life is very important in our lives because you can live longer. If you don’t work out and be lazy and don’t worry about exercising your long term life will be in danger. Everyone should start exercising everything and trust me you will feel a different in your life.

Adrienne Rich

This essay will present the motif of the mapmaker in Adrienne Rich’s book Atlas of the Difficult World.   The themes throughout the book will be extolled in this essay and dissected through the theme of this subject brought together through metaphor, concrete imagery and the allusion to place as well as destination which Rich suggests throughout her work in concepts both metaphysical, and real.Rich’s title poem of Atlas of the Difficult World brings forth a voice which is cut into a duality of realism as well as a harsh sense of that reality.   The images prevalent in this poem brings the images of the map into a bizarre reality which suggests a striking and honest concept of Americana in a disturbing light.   This is the key factor of the theme of map in Rich’s Atlas of the Difficult World: which is, in the very least, best described as disturbing.The title poem relates to the reader the concept of women’s work.   This poem then imagines for the r eaders the idea of placement such as topographical, geographical or landscape; Rich presents the concept to the reader of where a woman is in relation to the margins of the country.The poem further expounds upon this notion by suggesting the idea, or rather of questioning the reader as to the nature of the woman’s   place in relation to ‘our’ consciousness in a topographical sense of the term.   This would seem as though Rich is delving into a political stream of consciousness, but it is in the map, in the geography, or landscape which rests as the pinnacle of the poem’s place as it relates to the reader.In the issue of maps, of place, Rich also brings forth the concept of roles, of patriarchy and the woman’s dialectic towards such a predestined role.   Rich goes on to extrapolate from the concept of topography the idea of a woman’s place, or women’s work.The poem is a tantalizing tease between the idea of women’s work in the margins of the country, and the map of women’s recorded obsequious nature, but not her unrecorded consciousness as to her own definition of place.  Ã‚   The title poem then serves as a gateway from the speaker to the reader through the path of topography into the un-traversed landscape of indirect and misguided concepts of what women’s work is, and the conscious factor of that work and its place in the United States.   The poem serves as an undercurrent to an alternative to the idea of landscape, of the United States in regards to feminism (as is a standard theme in Rich’s poems), politics, and personal space.The way in which boundaries of the ‘map’ (politics, consciousness, gender, etc.) are disregarded by the speaker is a fundamental element in the poem; this disregard allows for both the speaker and the reader to explore other areas of the typography, and the structure of such devices as gender, roles, etc.Thus, the speaker allows the rea der to realize the relation of self, role, politics, and all of the above, to the composition of the atlas, and the role that an individual, or in this case, the role of the reader as a map reader:I promised to show you a map you say but this is a mural then yes let it be these are small distinctions where do we see it from is the question (pt. II, ll. 22-24).Thus, the concept of personal roles comes into play in the poem as a question of perspective.The role of the narrator then is to allow the reader a chance to be guided through the atlas.   The atlas in the poem pays attention to not only geography but also stories; such stories are in relation to historical facts as well as personal lives.This allows the reader to respond to the poem through various avenues of perspective such as they may be presented through historical place, and geography as well as body and mind locations; thus, each reading of the poem by individual readers will give a different perspective of the atlas s ince each reader is coming from their own personal frame of reference.The poet, the narrator comes into the poem and suggests or brings forth to the reader the daring possibility of questioning their own place in the atlas, the landscape.This challenge is perpetuated from the concept of women’s work, and the changing definition of what that entails, â€Å"These are not roads / you knew me by. But the woman driving, walking, watching / for life and death, is the same† (pt. I, ll. 77-79).The narrator presents women on the map, or the road to the reader, and the reader in turn becomes an active part of the poem since the reader brings their own interpretation through personal reference to the perspective of these women.The poems then are different roads along the entirety of the atlas, and the question which the poet reiterates to the reader is where do the poems take the reader; which direction?   Thus, affirmation of the role of the map is a central motif in Rich†™s Atlas of a Difficult World.The following poems of Atlas of a Difficult World then are each designed as a road into the different parts of the atlas on different levels and from different perspectives.  Ã‚   The poems are not limited to the topography of the atlas but also delve into the history of the place.   There are thirteen parts of the book which in turn are vignettes which come from a myriad of women’s lives.The voice which Rich lends to each ‘story’ is relatively urgent and gives the reader a sense that it is important that they read these lines not only for the benefit of the woman who lived the story but for the reader’s personal benefit since it is with the reader that a continuation and change in the story may occur.   This allows the reader to become part of an oral history for the nation, and thus a map maker in a sense, as memory is presented by Rich as a type of map, it is with this metaphor that the poems progress.   It is by recognizing the importance of history, even in small characters that allows for the roles of women to change from obsequious to strong willed; from patriarchal to gynocentric.   Rich’s purpose in her poems is a striking narrative of forcing the reader to notice how women have been excluded in large part from the history, the geography of the land, the United States’ history.Thus, through use of landscape and the connection of landscape to events, Rich gives the reader a chance to notice these women.In Part I of Atlas of a Difficult World, Rich gives testimonies from a myriad of women who have a vast knowledge of economic hardship which incites fear and which either delays or spurns action forward.   There is also a theme of silence and the breaking of silence in the atlas, the memory of these moments with the different women in the poems.There is one poem which gives details of an unknown woman who was murdered:   The woman was a farm worker who had been in deep exposure to toxins:   â€Å"Malathion in the throat, communion, / the hospital at the edge of the fields, / prematures slipping from unsafe wombs† (ll. 8-10).This woman has a type of communion with death, and her character is anonymous because there are countless other women who are or were in the same situation, so many that their story became one story it had been told too often that the names were unimportant and then, eventually her story was forgotten.   Rich brings the concept of the mapmaker as a memory harvester into her poems to give the reader an interactive part in the poem.Since this story is being retold to the reader, the reader must carry it in their memory, and thus give credit to the live that died, to the woman.   The woman had been oppressed and exposed to environmental dangers, and because the woman had worked to survive but died anyway, it is important that her life be chartered into this ‘atlas’ of memory, of story.Rich does not want t he idea of denial of memory to play a major role in the development of the country, of the atlas as she writes, â€Å"I don't want to hear how he beat her . . ., / tore up her writing . . . / . . . I don't want to know / wreckage† (ll. 39-40, 48-49).The interesting factor in this woman’s story is that her small death is actually a beginning of a national cover up story, and thus, her story becomes part of the landscape of history, however minute.   The woman’s death is a national cover up which involved violence and amoral behavior and which were the opposite of the striving of America, in industry.   Through the denial of this story, history is changed, is made false through the help of the media.This theme of denial changes the landscape of the map, it erases important structures of the geography, and this lead into Part V of Atlas of a Difficult World in which a queer woman is murdered and yet, her story does not succumb to erasure:I don't want to know ho w he tracked them along the Appalachian Trail, hid close by their tent, pitched as they thought in seclusion killing one woman, the other dragging herself into town his defense they had teased his loathing of what they were I don't want to know but this is not a bad dream of mine (ll. 45-51).In Parts II and III, the poem becomes an evocation of the American ideal or geography.   The poems exercise their voice towards symmetry or balance in history in which women’s history is not erased or ruined or made to seem slavish, but instead integrates the real roles of women.In Part IV the poems introduce mourning of the women lost in the margins of the atlas, whose stories were covered up or never known, and the poem cries for ‘still unbegun work of repair’ (1. 25).   In this part, women are alluded to as prisoners, â€Å"locked away out of sight and hearing, out of mind, shunted aside / those needed to teach, advise, persuade, weigh arguments / those urgently neede d for the work of perception† (ll. 19-21).It seems that Rich is suggesting that these women were covered up in the landslide of the country, or that they were unchartered in its conception, unrecognized.In Parts VI-VIII Rich gives the allusion of the map and the lives of the women unraveling which becomes apparent as the men in the stories, or poems went on dreaming large dreams in the landscape of the history of the atlas, while the women went on with untold stories of contention, they women went on without receiving.Rich goes on to state in these parts that the men continued in the map of the country thinking, and Rich suggests the irony of this by stating, â€Å"Slaves – you would not be that† (pt. VI, l. 14).   This is a main point made by Rich in which she is stating that the men did not allow themselves to be considered or made slaves through physical force nor psychological devices but that women and others had to bear that history.There is a culmination of the focus of map making in Parts IX-XI which studies the fragmentation of the atlas through false history, as Rich states through the narrator, â€Å"one woman / like and unlike so many, fooled as to her destiny, the scope of her task† (pt. XI, ll. 16-17).In Part XII Rich gives the reader a chance of seeing restoration in the land through the recognition of women’s roles and values by giving the reader these lines to ponder, â€Å"What homage will be paid to a beauty built to last / from inside out . . . / I didn't speak then / of your beauty at the wheel beside me . . . / – I speak of them now† (ll. 1-2, 9-10, 18).Thus, being a mapmaker, or a keeper of true history is the legacy Rich gives to her readers.   It is through the role of speaking and not remaining silent, of allowing the atlas to grow, and of exploring the roads which were once unchartered that Rich’s motif of map making is an allusion to recognition of women’s history, as Rich writes, â€Å"I know you are reading this poem† throughout the last part because the poem aspires to be nothing less than the unspoken, archetypal stories women know well.Rich concludes, â€Å"I know you are reading this poem because there is nothing else left to read / there where you have landed, stripped as you are† (ll. 36-37) which in its honesty gives women a place on the atlas of the United States instead of remaining in the margins, in the back alleys of the topography.Work CitedRich, A.   An Atlas of a Difficult World.   W.W. Norton & Company.   1991.